Gastro final review

Circle the two types of contractions that are present in the small intestine:

- Haustrations

- peristalsis

- segmentation

- pyloric pump

- peristalsis

- segmentation

The mesentery that is located on the ventral surface of the liver and attached to the abdominal wall is known as:

- cystic ligament

- coronal ligament

- inguinal ligaments

- falciform ligament

- falciform ligament

Which of the following arteries will supply the descending colon?

- r. colic artery

- ileocolic artery

- inferior mesenteric artery

- left gastroepiploic

- inferior mesenteric artery (left side)

Persistence of the vitelline duct is also know as?

- Hirschprung's disease

- intussusception

- traction hernia

- Meckel's diverticulum

- Meckel's diverticulum

What is the cause of esophageal diverticula?

- weak esophageal walls

- genetic abnormally

- motor disturbances

- regurgitation

- motor disturbances

What action is not stimulated when Gastrin is released?

- increased contraction of the stomach

- production of intrinsic factor

- production of pancreatic enzymes

- production of HCl

- production of pancreatic enzymes (trypsin)

Which one of the following arteries does not get supplied by the celiac trunk?

- cystic artery

- right gastroduodenal artery

- ileocolic artery

- pancreaticoduodenal artery

- ileocolic artery (supplied by the superior mesenteric a.)

Most Carbohydrates absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa require the monosaccharides and what else must be present for the transportation to be completed?

- sucrose

- sodium

- acetylcholine

- secretin

- sodium

Which vein is responsible for draining the ascending colon?

- left colic vein

- inferior mesentric vein

- superior mesentric vein

- sigmoid vein

- superior mesentric vein (on the right side)

Select the option that describes the major function of HCl in the stomach:

- it chemically digests the food that enter the stomach

- it chemically activates pepsinogen to pepsin

- it causes contractions of the stomach to assist digestion

- the acidity completely eliminates bacteria to bilirubin

- it chemically digests the food that enter the stomach

- it chemically activates pepsinogen to pepsin

- it causes contractions of the stomach to assist digestion

Which enzyme is responsible for converting biliverdin to bilirubin?

- biliverdin oxygenase

- biliverdin reductase

- heme oxygenase

- glucuronic acid

- biliverdin reductase

Which of the following conditions is caused by an infection with diarrhea, malabsorption, arthropathy, and hyperpigmentation?

- celiac diseas

-tropical spure

- gluten sensitive enteropathy

- whipple disease

- whipple disease

Which of the following classifications of diarrhea is described as producing an abnormal output over 500ml per day, and does not abate with fasting?

- osmotic

- exudative

- secretory

- malabsorption

- secretory

Which of the following is the greatest cause of liver cirrhosis?

- viral hepatitis

- fatty liver

- biliary disease

- alcoholic liver disease

- alcoholic liver disease

The bile ducts _____ which is added to the bile from the liver?

- peptic enzymes

- sodium

- bicarbonates

- HCl

- CCK

- sodium

- bicarbonates

There are several post-hepatic causes for developing portal hypertension. Which one of the following is NOT post-hepatic?

- constrictive pericarditis

- right sided heart failure

- cirrhosis

- hepatic vein malignancy

- cirrhosis

Which one of the following cells in the liver is responsible for detecting and dealing with bacteria found in the blood that flows through the liver

- hepatocyte

- kupffer cell

- endothelial cell

- stellate cell

- kupffer cell

what is the name of that space in the previous question in which blood flows?

- sinusoid

- canal hering

- space of dat

- space of disse

sinusoid

What is it called when the skin turns yellow from a disease of the liver?

- minionsis

- jaundice

- yellowitis

- hyperlipidemia

- jaundice

In a child, how many deciduous teeth will they eventually have?

- 20

- 22

- 26

- 32

- 20

Which one of the following is responsible for production of glucagon?

- acinar cells

- alpha cells

- beta cells

- delta cells

- alpha cells

All of the following statements with respect to the basic structure of the alimentary canal are correct except?

- the serosa of the canal is called the parietal peritoneum

- there are usually two layers of muscle that form the muscularis externa

- the Meissner's nerve plexus is found in the submucosa

- the lamina propria is between the epithelium and muscularis mucosa

- the serosa of the canal is called the parietal peritoneum

Which of the following is true with respect to the basic structure of the parotid gland

- the secretions of the parotid contain any enzyme which digest proteins

- the parotid gland is innervated by CN VII

- the parotid gland is secretion enters the mouth at the vestibule next to the 2nd upper molar

- the parotid gland produces the serous and mucus secretions forming saliva

- the parotid gland is secretion enters the mouth at the vestibule next to the 2nd upper molar

All of the following are ___ part of the large intestine except

- tenaei coli

- epiploic appendages

- haustra

- plicae circulares

- plicae circulares

Somatostatin is a hormone produced in the GI tract. Which is one of the following statements would be most correct?

- inhibits GI blood flow

- inhibits pancreatic secretions

- inhibits gallbladder contraction

- all of the statement are correct

- all of the statement are correct

When describing gastric carcinoma we talked about risk factors. Which of the following is not in that list?

- Lack of fresh fruit and vegetables

- Barrett's esophagus

- infections of H. Pylori

- all of these risk factors were on the list

- all of these risk factors were on the list

A laceration of the esophagus due to the abnormal eating conditions or alcoholism is known as a characteristic of which syndrome?

- esophageal varices

- plummer-vinson

- achalasia

- mallory-weiss

- mallory-weiss

There are several factors which control movement in small intestine. Which of the

following is correct with respect to this activity?

- a. Somatostatin increases activity in the small intestine

b. Gastrin decreases activity in the small intestine

c. The gastroenteric reflex inhibits activation of the small intestine

d. Secretin inhibits intestinal motility

d. Secretin inhibits intestinal motility

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a congenital aganglionosis of a portion of the intestinal tract, and may lead to megacolon?

a. Meckel's diverticulum

b. Tropical sprue

c. Whipped disease

d. Hirschsprung disease

d. Hirschsprung disease

Which of the following statements is not correct in respect to absorption at the largeintestine?

a. Sodium is actively transported from the lumen to the enterocyte

b. There is an exchange of bicarbonate and chloride at the distal part of the colon

c. Water is absorbed due to the osmotic pressures within the colon

d. Sodium is also absorbed when glucose is absorbed in the large intestine

d. Sodium is also absorbed when glucose is absorbed in the large intestine

Which one of the malabsorption syndrome is due to enzyme deficiency?

a. Tropical sprue

b. Celiac sprue

c. Whipples disease

d. Lactose intolerance

d. Lactose intolerance

Jaundice develops when the equilibrium of production and secretion of bilirubin is

disturbed. Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism for jaundice?

a. Excessive production of cholesterol

b. Reduced hepatocyte

c. Impaired conjugation

d. Impaired bile flow

a. Excessive production of cholesterol

Which artery would directly supply the small curvature of the stomach proximal to the pylorus?

a. Right gastroepiploic artery

b. Common hepatic artery

c. Gastroduodenal artery

d. Right gastric artery

d. Right gastric artery

Peptic ulcers can be a chronic condition so it is best not to get them in the first place. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct with respect to this disease?

a. These ulcers can occur anywhere along the GI tract

b. Could be caused by a decrease of mucosal blood flow

c. H. Pylori infection is a risk factor of developing these ulcers

d. They are chronic and usually will see many ulcers within a small intestine

d. They are chronic and usually will see many ulcers within a small intestine

Which of the following disorders is described as a twisting of a segment of the tract?

a. Intussusception

b. Volvulus

c. Inguinal Hernia

d. Adhesion

b. Volvulus

Where does the transformation of non-carbohydrates source (amino acids) of

intermediates for the citric acid cycle occur?

a. Stomach

b. Duodenum

c. Liver

d. Ileum

c. Liver

All of the following are true with respect to chemical digestion of carbohydrates EXCEPT:

a. Amylase is secreted in the mouth to start chemical digestion

b. Trypsin - an enzyme for the breakdown of carbohydrates

c. Pancreatic enzymes will further digest the carbs

d. Enzymes are within the brush border to finish the chemical digestion

b. Trypsin - an enzyme for the breakdown of carbohydrates → (breaks down proteins)

Rupture of esophageal varicies is a frequent complication of:

a. GERD

b. Food poisoning

c. Cirrhosis

d. Pancreatitis

c. Cirrhosis

All of the following hormones will inhibit stomach EXCEPT:

a. Serotonin

b. Secretin

c. Vasoactive inhibiting peptide

d. Somatostatin

a. Serotonin

CCK stimulates the secretion of _____ from the ____?

a. Bicarbonate; pancreatic ducts

b. Bile; gallbladder

c. Saliva; parotid gland

d. Acid; parietal cells

b. Bile; gallbladder

Bile is a very important component of digestion. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

a. Bile serves as a means to excrete waste products from the liver

b. Bile is produced in the pancreas and is stored in the gallbladder

c. Bile helps to emulsify fats in the duodenum

d. Bile contains salts which help produce micelle

b. Bile is produced in the pancreas and is stored in the gallbladder (produced in liver)

All of the following functions are of the liver EXCEPT:

a. Produces bile for excretion

b. Detoxification the body of toxins

c. It releases a hormone which causes the stomach to release acid

d. It produces lymph

c. It releases a hormone which causes the stomach to release acid

Chronic gastritis will have significant consequences with GI function. The following are all examples of these consequences EXCEPT?

a. Poor calcium absorption

b. Poor absorption of iron

c. Deficiency of vitamin B12

d. Increased secretions of hormones from the duodenum

d. Increased secretions of hormones from the duodenum

Where would you find the greatest concentration of Peyer's patches?

a. Pyloris

b. Duodenum

c. Jejunum

d. Ileum

d. Ileum

Viral enterocolitis affects many people here in the U.S. Which of the following is most common in young (6 months- 2 year olds) children?

a. Adenovirus

b. Calicivirus

c. Astrovirus

d. Rotavirus

d. Rotavirus

If a large section of the small intestine were diseased by Crohn's, especially the duodenum, GI function would be inhibited. Which one of the following is true?

a. Absorption of B12 would not be affected

b. Full pancreatic activity would remain unaffected

c. Full gallbladder activity would unaffected

d. Digestion of fats, proteins, and carbs would be decreased

d. Digestion of fats, proteins, and carbs would be decreased

Which one of the following statements is correct regarding deciduous teeth?

a. There are 32 teeth once the child is 2 years old

b. There are premolars that appear before the molars

c. The incisors appear first and usually at 6-8 months

d. There are 8 canine teeth in the mouth

c. The incisors appear first and usually at 6-8 months

Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to produce enzymes

a. Secretin

b. Gastrin

c. Chymotrypsin

d. Cholecystokinin

d. Cholecystokinin

Which artery is a branch of the splenic artery

a. Common hepatic artery

b. Left gastroepiploic artery

c. Gastroduodenal artery

d. Left gastric artery

b. Left gastroepiploic artery

Which hormone causes secretion of the ducts in the liver?

a. Gastrin

b. CCK

c. Secretin

d. ACh

c. Secretin

The cell responsible for initiating/directing an inflammatory reaction in the liver is the

kupffer cell

a. True

b. False

a. True

The hepatitis A virus is a DNA virus that is spread through fecal-oral transmission

a. True

b. False

b. False

Where in the body does bilirubin get converted into urobilinogen?

a. Large Intestine - bacteria

a. Large Intestine - bacteria

Alcoholic hepatitis caused by chronic excessive alcohol consumption makes the liver larger and more yellow, but is reversible if consumption is discontinued.

a. True

b. False

b. False

A cause of posthepatic portal hypertension is right-sided heart failure.

a. True

b. False

true

Select all that apply to cholesterol stones that can develop on the gallbladder.

a. Seen more in Europe

b. Obesity

c. Advancing Age

d. Female Sex Hormones

e. Oral Contraceptives

f. Pregnancy

g. Rapid Weight Reduction

h. Yellow in color due to biliary infection

a. Seen more in Europe

b. Obesity

c. Advancing Age

d. Female Sex Hormones

e. Oral Contraceptives

f. Pregnancy

g. Rapid Weight Reduction

Which of the following veins does not connect to the portal vein?

a. Hepatic vein

b. Splenic vein

c. Inferior mesenteric vein

d. Superior mesenteric

a. Hepatic vein

Which hormones cause the sphincter of oddi to relax and allow bile to enter the small intestine?

a. CCK

b. Glucagon

c. Secretin

d. Insulin

a. CCK

Select all that are correct with respect to the liver

a. Blood travels through sinusoids that have kupffer cells within the liver

b. At each of 6 corners there is a hepatic arteriole, portal venue, and a bile duct

c. The stellate cells are found along the hepatocyte to produce bile, the liver is

formed of thousands of units called acini

d. The liver is formed of thousands of units called acini

a. Blood travels through sinusoids that have kupffer cells within the liver

b. At each of 6 corners there is a hepatic arteriole, portal venue, and a bile duct

Select the correct options (s) that were discussed regarding scleroderma

a. This condition is associated with alcoholism

b. Mucosal lesions are characteristics for this condition

c. This condition affects the esophageal sphincter creating chronic GERD

d. This condition makes swallowing difficult

c. This condition affects the esophageal sphincter creating chronic GERD

d. This condition makes swallowing difficult

In class we discussed major consequences of hepatic portal hypertension. Which one of the following was not a stated consequences

a. Congestive splenomegaly

b. Ascites

c. Diarrhea

d. Hepatic encephalopathy

c. Diarrhea

Which one of the following arteries would supply blood to the antrum from the stomach close to the pyloric sphincter?

a. Right gastric artery

b. Left hepatic artery

c. Proper hepatic artery

d. Splenic artery

a. Right gastric artery

Which one of the following was mentioned in class transports fats back to the liver?

a. Chylomicron

b. HDL

c. LDL

d. VLDL

b. HDL

Potassium moves across intestinal lumen by simple diffusion in response to osmotic

gradient

a. True

b. False

a. True

The only factors that produced inhibition for stomach activity are hormones released by the digestive tract

a. True

b. False

b. False

Which of the phases of gastric secretion is primarily regulated by the nervous system and NOT hormones

a. Cephalic phase

b. Pharyngeal phase

c. Gastric phase

d. Intestinal phase

a. Cephalic phase

Which one of the following symptoms does one have if they have achalasia?

a. Shortness of breath

b. Diarrhea

c. Painful swallowing

d. Two of the options

c. Painful swallowing

Which one of the following statements is incorrect with respect to Peutz-Jeghers polyps

a. There may be brown or gray spots on the lips or gums

b. Will increase the risk of developing cancer

c. These polyps involved the external layers (muscularis externa) of the alimentary tract

d. Can cause singular or multiple polyps

c. These polyps involved the external layers (muscularis externa) of the alimentary tract

Which one of the following helps to absorb fructose from the lumen into the enterocyte

a. GLUT 5

b. GLUT 4

c. GLUT 2

d. SGLT 1

a. GLUT 5

Select the ducts listed which would transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder?

a. Common bile duct

b. Left hepatic duct

c. Common hepatic duct

d. Right hepatic duct

a. Common bile duct

b. Left hepatic duct

c. Common hepatic duct

d. Right hepatic duct

All statements are true for the description of stellate cells except?

a. Can store fat within

b. Found in the liver sinusoids

c. Produced delicate strands of collagen d. There is storage of fat soluble vitamins

b. Found in the liver sinusoids

In western countries a large percentage of pancreatitis is associated with obesity and excessive fat consumption

a. True

b. False

b. False

Which one of the following veins does not connect to the portal vein?

a. Inferior mesenteric vein

b. Splenic vein

c. Superior mesenteric vein

d. Hepatic vein

d. Hepatic vein

What is the name of the lymphoid follicle found within the small intestines?

a. None of the options

b. Islets of Langerhans

c. Peyer's Patches

d. Crypts of Lieberkuhn

c. Peyer's Patches

Pick the statement that correctly describes the function of the large intestines

a. Contents entering the large intestines only require one to two hours to pass

through the anus

b. The mixing contractions of the large intestines include segmentation contractions

c. When feces begin to accumulate in the cecum, it will then create a desire to have

a bowel movement

d. Secretions of the large intestines are stimulated through direct contact of the

contents

d. Secretions of the large intestines are stimulated through direct contact of the contents

Peptic ulcers are defined as a breach in the mucosa of the GI tract

a. True

b. False

a. True

Select the areas where peptic ulcers are most commonly found. Select all that apply.

a. Esophagus

b. Descending colon

c. Duodenum

d. Stomach

c. Duodenum

d. Stomach

What is the name of the condition that is described as having a remnant of the vitelline duct

a. Zenker's diverticulum

b. Traction diverticulum

c. Intussusception

d. Meckel's Diverticulum

d. Meckel's Diverticulum

Select all the options that would be characteristics of Crohn's disease. Pick all that apply.

a. Pseudopolyps

b. Polyarthritis

c. Transmural involvement

d. Mesentery Granular and Gray with Fat

b. Polyarthritis

c. Transmural involvement

d. Mesentery Granular and Gray with Fat

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in the US

a. True

b. False

a. True

Select all the mesenteries that suspend the large intestines inside the abdominal cavity. Select all that apply.

a. Transverse mesocolon

b. Rectal mesocolon

c. Sigmoid mesocolon

d. Mesentery proper

a. Transverse mesocolon

c. Sigmoid mesocolon

Amylase from the salivary glands continues to digest carbohydrates in the stomach if food in the stomach has not been completely turned into chyme.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Which of the arteries branch off the gastroduodenal artery? Select all that apply.

a. Pancreaticoduodenal artery

b. Right gastroepiploic artery

c. Right gastric artery

d. Left gastroepiploic artery

a. Pancreaticoduodenal artery

b. Right gastroepiploic artery

c. Right gastric artery

Plummer-Vinson syndrome which causes dysphagia could possibly increase the risk of developing cancer of the esophagus?

a. True

b. False

a. True

What type of intestinal obstruction that we talked about in class could cause an internal hernia

a. Achalasia

b. Volvulus

c. Adhesion

d. Intussusception

c. Adhesion

The oxyntic cell of the gastric gland produce HCl and intrinsic factor

a. True

b. False

a. True - aka. PARIETAL CELL

By which process of polyp formation is be due to a cancerous change in the cells that could possibly causes a life threatening condition

a. Proliferation

b. Inflammation

c. Abnormal mucosal maturation

d. Architecture

a. Proliferation

Select all the options that directly lead to liver cirrhosis

a. Alcoholism

b. Fatty Liver

c. Viral hepatitis

d. Fatty diet

a. Alcoholism

b. Fatty Liver

c. Viral hepatitis

What is the name of the structure in the pancreas that contains the alpha and beta cells

a. Islet of glucagon

b. Islets of langerhans

c. Enteroendocrine cells

d. Crypts of Lieberkuhn

b. Islets of langerhans

Which one of the statements is correct with respect to bile?

a. Bile is stored in the pancreas when not immediately needed

b. Bile salts are reabsorbed at the ileum

c. Bile is an acidic solution that emulsifies fat

d. Bile salts digest fat

b. Bile salts are reabsorbed at the ileum

All of the following are risk factors for developing gastritis except

a. Excessive use of NSAIDs

b. Excessive alcohol consumption

c. Stress

d. Low consumption of fiber

d. Low consumption of fiber

Select from the following hypothesis which can explain both acute and chronic

pancreatitis.

a. Build up of free radicals

b. Damage due to toxins

c. Defective transportation of enzymes

d. Obstruction of ducts

d. Obstruction of ducts

Trypsin that was released in the stomach is the chemical process of digestion for

proteins

a. True

b. False

a. True

Select all of the enzymes that will help digest carbohydrates in the small intestines. Select all that apply.

a. Glucoamylase

b. Alpha-dextrinase

c. Lactase

d. Amylase

a. Glucoamylase

b. Alpha-dextrinase

c. Lactase

Which one of the following is a feature of the stomach that is not found in the GI tract?

a. It has an additional outer muscle called tenia coli

b. The stomach is not covered by serous covering

c. Folds referred as rugae

d. There is an additional layer of mucosa

c. Folds referred as rugae

Which one of the hepatitis causing viruses leads to greatest percentage of chronic

inflammation of the liver?

a. HCV

b. HDV

c. HBV

d. HAV

a. HCV

Glucagon is a potent hormone responsible for releasing glucose into the bloodstream by the action it has on the pancreas

a. True

b. False

a. True

Later symptoms of hepatocellular cancer include abdominal pain, weight loss, and

fatigue.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Which one of the statements is NOT correct with respect to hydrochloric acid secretion found in the stomach

a. Chloride ion diffuses to the lumen from the parietal cells

b. Hydrogen ion is actively pumped into the lumen of the gastric gland

c. Chloride is exchanged for potassium from the blood to the parietal cell

d. There are three chemical stimulators for acid production of the parietal cell

c. Chloride is exchanged for potassium from the blood to the parietal cell

When discussing the formation of cholesterol stones it was mentioned that too much cholesterol in the bile could cause a decrease of gallbladder contraction

a. True

b. False

a. True