SPTE TEST 1

Q: What were the three early management structures in sport?

A: Clubs, Leagues, Professional Tournaments.

Q: Where did clubs first form, and what were they based on?

A: Horse racing; community-based, membership-driven.

Q: Why did leagues fit U.S. culture better than clubs?

A: Because of loyalty, built-in memberships, and the American structure.

Q: Who is considered the “Father of Professional Leagues”?

A: William Hulbert.

Q: What sport first used leagues?

A: Baseball.

Q: What was the first professional team?

A: Cincinnati Red Stockings.

Q: Who was Fred Corcoran?

A: Golf tournament promoter; brought sponsorships, media attention, and financial stability.

Q: What is the primary theme of management structures?

A: Structures grow in response to social changes or issues.

Q: What were two secondary themes of sport management structures?

A: Honest play, Inclusion/exclusion (who gets to play).

Q: What is eugenics?

A: Pseudoscience focused on “improving” populations by controlling reproduction

Q: Give one historical and one modern example of eugenics in sport.

A: Historical → Segregation/exclusion of minorities & women.

Q: What challenges did women face in sport?

A: Stereotypes (too fragile), lack of access, unequal pay, lack of recognition.

Q: What is a manager?

A: Someone who coordinates people and resources to achieve goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Q: What are the 4 classical functions of management?

A: Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling (P-O-L-C).

Q: What are the major theories of management?

A: Classical (efficiency/structure), Behavioral (motivation/teamwork), Systems (adaptable orgs), Contingency (depends on situation).

Q: Difference between Manager and Leader?

A: Manager → Structure, process, “doing things right.”
Leader → Vision, motivation, “doing the right things.”

Q: Key skills of a sport manager?

A: Communication, credibility, consistency, industry knowledge, motivation, adaptability, problem-solving.

Q: What is corrective action?

A: Process to fix performance/behavior issues before harsher consequences.

Q: Steps of corrective action?

A: Meet → Explain → Feedback → Plan → Confirm → Follow-up.

Q: What is the “hot stove rule”?

A: Discipline should be consistent, immediate, and impersonal.

Q: How should termination be handled?

A: In person (with HR if needed), clear reasons, cover logistics, expect emotion, document everything.

Q: What is sport marketing?

A: Activities to satisfy sport consumers’ needs through exchange.

Q: Difference between marketing of sport vs. through sport?

A: Of sport → Tickets, merch, media rights.
Through sport → Using sport to sell products (ads, endorsements).

Q: What’s the difference between demographics and psychographics?

A: Demographics → Who consumers are.
Psychographics → Why they act (values, lifestyle).

Q: What was the first big corporate sport sponsor?

A: Coca-Cola (Olympics, 1928).

Q: What Olympics made sponsorship explode?

A: 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.

Q: Who was Albert Spalding?

A: Sporting goods brand + promoted baseball.

Q: Who was Bill Veeck?

A: Creative promoter, “every fan is king,” pioneered fan experience, brought families into sport.

Q: Who was Mark McCormack?

A: Founder of IMG, created athlete endorsements.

Q: What is ambush marketing?

A: Companies exploiting event goodwill without being official sponsors (e.g., Nike ads during Olympics).

Q: What does SWOT stand for?

A: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats.

Q: What is marketing myopia?

A: Short-term sales focus without long-term consumer needs.

Q: What is negligence?

A: Failure to use reasonable care, causing injury/damage.

Q: What are the 4 criteria of negligence?

A: Duty, Breach, Causation, Damages (D-B-C-D).

Q: What is tort law?

A: Civil wrongs (not criminal) → compensate victims, accountability, prevention.

Q: Types of torts?

A: Intentional (assault, defamation) and Unintentional (negligence).

Q: Defenses to negligence?

A: Assumption of risk, contributory negligence, comparative negligence, statute of limitations.

Q: What are common sources of litigation in sports?

A: High school → Hazing, equipment.
College → Recruiting, Title IX, injuries.
Pro → Player safety, labor disputes, contracts, crowd control.

Q: Steps in risk management?

A: Identify → Evaluate → Respond → Implement → Monitor.

Q: What is vicarious liability?

A: Employer held responsible for employee’s actions.

Q: What are the 5 parts of a valid contract?

A: Offer, Acceptance, Consideration, Legality, Capacity.

Q: Difference between waiver and release?

A: Waiver → Signed before activity (assumes risk).
Release → Signed after injury (prevents claims).

Q: What does Title IX prohibit?

A: Gender discrimination in federally funded programs.

Q: What does ADA (1990) do?

A: Protects disabled individuals, requires accommodations.

Q: What does ADEA (1967) protect?

A: Workers 40+ from age discrimination.

Q: Name one major sport disaster and its lesson.

A: Iroquois Theater Fire (1903) → Fire codes, exits.
(Can also recall Cocoanut Grove, Hartford Circus, Beverly Hills Supper Club, Station Night Club).