Pregnancy & Childbirth

1 - Fertilization: The _______ from the sperm head will break through the egg’s membrane causing the __________ membranes to fuse and the _________ cell fuses with the other one in the egg, forming a _________

acrosome - plasma - male haploid cell / sperm nucleus - zygote

2 - Implantation: Zygote travels to attach to the ___________ from the __________ where and releases ___________ to prevent menstruation.

endometrium - oviduct - Human Chorionic Hormone (HCG)

Pregnancy tests test for the hormone ______ which maintains the _________ so that they can secrete ___________ and prevent menstruation for the first _____ months

HCG - corpus luteum - estrogen - 3-6

The placenta forms from ______ and ______ tissues and produces _____________, ____________, and _____________. It allows for the exchange of _________ between the fetal and maternal ______.

maternal - fetal - estrogen - progesterone - HCG - molecules - blood

Birth control pills work the same way estrogen and progesterone produced by the _________ shut the release of _____ from the pituitary preventing __________ and ___________.

placenta - FSH - endometrium shedding - ovulation

In Vitro fertilization is when the egg is removed from the mother via ___________, fertilized and ______ for a few days then implanted into the __________.

laparoscopy - cultured - uterus

If the fetus is not in position, a _______ birth may need a cesarean section.

breech

Labor contractions are over ______ seconds each 15 minutes. The trigger of childbirth involves __________ and ____________ from _________

40 - prostaglandins - oxytocin - mother’s pituitary

Oxytocin is made in the ____________ and stored in the _____________. It induces ____________ and _______________.

hypothalamus - posterior pituitary - labor/contractions - milk production

As the baby exerts pressure on the cervix, sensory nerves send a __________ to the _________ to release more oxytocin which leads to ________. (_________ feedback)

nerve signal - posterior pituitary - stronger contractions - positive

Stage 1 of childbirth:

• ______ dilates and __________ is expelled

• _________ membrane ruptures to release fluid

• cervix - mucus plug

• amniotic

Stage 2 of childbirth:

• Baby emerges from uterine contractions occurring every ____ minutes

• If vagina cannot expand, a ____________ is performed

• ___________________________

• 1-2

• episiotomy

• cord is cut

Stage 3 of childbirth:

• _________ is expelled __________ after the delivery of the baby

placenta - 15

Breasts contain 1-24 _______ that have many _______________ that end in sacs called __________ which produce milk with the stimulation of ___________.

lobules - mammary glands - alveoli - prolactin

The areola has no _______ or _________ glands but has _____________ lubricant.

hair - sweat - saliva

________ released shortly after childbirth is rich in ________ and has low _________.

colostrum - protein - fat

Menopause occurs when ovaries no longer respond to ______ and _______ which ceases the production of ________ and _________

FSH - LH - estrogen - progesterone