Human Reproduction, Development & Ageing - Week 8 Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to human reproduction, fetal development, lactation, and associated disorders.

Ductus Venosus

A fetal blood vessel that bypasses the liver, allowing oxygenated blood to enter the inferior vena cava.

Foramen Ovale

An opening in the atrial septum of the fetus that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.

Ductus Arteriosus

A blood vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus, allowing most blood to bypass the lungs.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A condition where the ductus arteriosus remains open after birth, leading to abnormal circulation and increased workload on the heart.

Atrial Septal Defect

A congenital heart defect where the foramen ovale does not close properly, allowing oxygenated blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium.

Ventricular Septal Defect

The most common congenital heart defect characterized by a hole between the left and right ventricles.

Cerebral Palsy

A neurological disorder caused by reduced oxygen supply to the brain during fetal development or birth, affecting motor coordination.

Spina Bifida

A congenital disorder characterized by the incomplete closure of the vertebral column, which can lead to various neurological issues.

Lactation

The process of producing and secreting milk from mammary glands to feed offspring.

Colostrum

The first milk produced after childbirth, high in protein and antibodies, and low in lactose.

Galactogenesis

The process of milk production which involves synthesis and secretion from the breast alveoli.

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that triggers the milk ejection reflex during breastfeeding.

Prolactin

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that is essential for breast milk production and mammary gland development.

Mammogenesis

The process of developing functional mammary glands during pregnancy.

Galactopoiesis

The maintenance of lactation throughout the breastfeeding period.

Involution

The regression of mammary glands following the cessation of lactation.

Congenital Heart Defects

Abnormalities in the heart structure that occur during fetal development, which can lead to significant health issues.

Coarctation of the Aorta

Narrowing of the aorta, which leads to increased blood pressure and workload on the heart.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A congenital heart defect comprising four specific heart abnormalities, leading to poor oxygenation of the blood.

Developmental Disorders

Conditions that occur due to abnormal development during the fetal stage, affecting various physiological systems.