KIN 217 - metabolism: basic concepts and design chapter 15

active transport, biosynthesis

energy is needed for movement, ________, _________

phototrophs

energy that is captured by sunlight

chemotrophs

energy produced from oxidizing carbon fuel

carbon fuel oxidation

what generates ATP

metabolic pathways

step wise rxns breaking down or synthesizing molecules with limited reaction types and common intermediates

intermediary metabolism

all reactions within a cell and pathways interact with other pathways

systems biology

studying all the metabolic pathways at once

catabolic

converts energy from fuel to ATP (glycolysis)

anabolic

require energy for synthesis (gluconeogenesis)

false

catabolic and anabolic enzyme pathways will not share rxns

t or f

true

there are key, regulated, irreversible rxns for specific pathways

t or f

amphibolic pathway

pathways that can be catabolic or anabolic based on the situations

favorable (-ve)

the overall thermodynamic pathway must be

-30.5 kJ/mol

ATP + H2O to ADP and Pi has a energy of

AMP

what has a phosphoester and a energy of -14.2 kJ/mol

phosphoanhydrides

ATP and ADP has what type of bond

phosphoanyhydrides

which energy bond has more energy

electrostatic repulsion, resonance, entropy increase, stabilization from hydration

the 4 factors that has affect on energy is

negative

at pH of 7.4 phosphates have a _______ charge

repel

the triphosphates of ATP carries 4 negative charges which _____ each other

anyhydride > esters

which energy bond has more repulsion

resonance

ability to share electrons across the molecule

lower

the more the electrons are shared the energy state is

orthophosphate / Pi

individual phosphates that allow more sharing of electrons

reduced

ATP when phosphates have anhydride bone, electron sharing is ________ compared to individual phosphates

false

one oxygen is able to form double bonded O

t or f

2

hydrolysis of ATP generates ______ molecules instead of one to increase entropy

true

more hydrogen bond are possible with ADP and Pi versus ATP when water H bonds to molecule making it more stable

t or f

prevents reverse rxn to ATP

what does hydration do to an ADP

phosphoryl transfer

ability to transfer phosphate groups

intermediate, carrier

atp has a phosphoryl-transfer potential that is that acts as a ____ to phosphoryl groups

4 mM, 25 mM

resting muscle has how much ATP and creatine phosphate

true

ATP is used rapidly in muscles

t or f

false

creatine phosphate has a low phosphoryl-transfer potential t or f

t or f

reduced compounds

can oxidze to release electrons which power ETC for energy

oxidized compounds

already lost electrons and has limited ability to power ETC

oxidized

carbon dioxide is an example of an _______ compound

reduced

methane is an example of an ________ compound

fatty acids

fatty acids or gluocse is higher in energy (reduced)

activated carrier

ATP is an _________ of phosphoryl groups

O2, catalysts

carriers are kinetically stable in the presence of ____ in absence of ___________

NADH, FADH2

activated electron carrier for fuel oxidation

NADPH

activated electron carriers for synthesis

coenzyme a

activated 2 carbon-carrier

NADP+

differs from NAD+ by a phosphoryl group

reduction

NADPH supplies electrons for ________ power during synthesis

methylene

FA require what groups as acetyl groups are added

CoA

an activated carrier of acyl groups (acetyl and FA) as thioesters are not stable

B vitamins

what vitamins function as co enzymes

niacin / B3

NADH/NADPH has what as their vitamin precursor

riboflavin / B2

FADH2 & FMNH has what as their vitamin precursor

pantothenate / B5

Coenzyme A has what as their vitamin precursor

thiamine / B1

thiamine pyrophosphate has what as their vitamin precursor

Biotin / B7

biotin has what as their vitamin precursor

folate / B9

tetrahydrofolate has what as their vitamin precursor

amount of enzyme

changes the gene expression to make more/less of an enzyme and includes enzyme degradation. this affects metabolism

enzyme activity regulation

allosteric, covalent modification (phosphorylation) second messengers that help with regulating metabolism

substrate accessibility

compartmentalization of rxns in different locations, flux b/w compartments controlled