Geo Final

Terrane Accretiion

Exotic Material being brough from far away, slamming into coast line

Folding of Rocks

Uder intense pressure and heat

Faulting of Rocks

Brittle rock breaks from applied compressional stress

3 Types of fold structure

Monocline(flat) Synclines(u shape) Anticlines(A shape)

Rupture Zone/Hypocenter

Where earthquake starts

Body waves

P wave (push/pull) S wave (Shearing)

BC’s belts

Foreland, Ominea, Intermontane, Coast, Insular

Fault

Point in ground where it breakes

Surface waves

Rayleigh (Circular) Love wave (Left right)

Seismometer

Tracks body and surface waves

Waves with respect to time

P wave - S wave- Surface waves

Richer scale

Magnitude based on sesimometer

Movement Magnitude Sclae

Scale of magnitude and energy release

Modified Mercali Intensity Scale

Scale on destruction force on infrastructure

Megathrust Earthquakes

Magnitide >9.0

Magma

Molten rock underground

Lava

Molten rock above ground

Igneous rock

Cooled liquid rock

Extrusive Igneous rock

Near surface

Intrusive Igneous rock

In deep underground

Effusive Eruptions

Low power eruptions

Types of Intrusive igneous

Granite Granodiorite

Extrusive Igneous

Basalt Pumic Obsidian

Sedimentary rocks

Compact and cememnted sediments.

Examples Sedimentary rock

Conglomerate Sandstone Shale

Metamorphic Rocks

Quartzite Schist Gneiss

Types of Volcanoes

Shield Vol Composite Vol

Silica and viscosity in lava

Basaltic(low) Andesitic (med) Rhyolitic (high)

Endogeneous Forces

Textonics, Volcanoes Building land masses

Exogeneous Forces

Erosion, Weathering, balances uplift and rock formation

Geomorphology

Landscape/forms of earths surface

Denudation

Breaking down and trasnporting from original source

Physical Weathering

Forst wedging, Salt weathering, Exfoliation, Root expansion.

Chemical Weathering

Dissolution Hydrolysis Oxidation

Variables of Weathering

Material Hardness, Climate, Water content, Surface Area, Vegetation, Porosity

Erosion

Material Breakes down and stays there

Weathering

Material breaks down and is trasnported

Sediment

Rocks broken down into small particles

Functions of soil

Regulate waterflow, regulate nutrient density, storage for NPKC, Filters and buffers reactions

Soils layers (horizons)

O (organic), A (organic mineral), B (Mineral), C (Parent material)

Mass wasting

Downwards movement of Earth materials

Dynamic landscape equilibrium

Exo/endogenous forces interact and form a blaance

Driving force

Anything reducing stability of a slope

Resisting force

Anything increasing stability of a slope

Movement types down a slope

Fall (free call), Slide (moves as one coherent mass), Flow (broken material flows)

Types of soil

Sand, Silt, Clay, Loam

Translational Slide

Diagnoal, downwards movement on failed slope

Rotational slide

Slide like its carved out with a spoon

Preventable slide measures

Barriers, Shortcrete, Rock bolts calbes, Mesh screen, Channel, Snowshed

Driving forces of landslide

High water, weak structure, reduction of base, removal of vegetation, wethering

Resisting forces of landslide

low water, strong structure, low slope angle, high base support, addition of vegetation

Drainage Basin

Part of land where water converges to a single point

Overland flow

Normal, unconstrained flow of water

Stream flow

Unstable flow thru channels

Dentritic Channel

Channel shape like a nerve cell

Parallel Channel

Forms in steep topography

Rectangular Channel

Underlying geology has lots of joints 90 deg patterns

Radial Channel

Coneshaped geology underground

Dishcharge

Volume of water passing a point over a period of time (Area x Velocity)

Dishcharge factors

Helps understand: Stream maangement, bridge construction, changing erosion patters, potential floods.

Continental Divides

Natural high ground separating drainage basins

Study of rivers through key points

drainage patterns, Length, Total drainage area, Dishcharge

Dishcharge formula

Q=WDV

3 Parts of a river

Headwater (erosion), Transfer zone (trasportation), Depositional Zone (deposition)

Streamload

Ammount a stream carries

Overland flow: Stream erosion

Shallow stream erodes a surface

Overland flow: Splash Erosion

Raindrops erode surface of stream

Stream flow:Bank undercut erosion

Erosion at base of rivers like dirt and mud

Stream flow: Hydraulic action

Motion of water rubs materials away from bottom

Stream flow: Abrasion

Sand/Silt particles scrape stream bed

Stream flow: Corrosion

Soluble material dissolved and carried

Competence

Largest size material a stream can move

Capacity

Maximum total volume of material a stream can transport

Dissolved load

Dissolved solute not deposited untill evaporation

Suspended load

Light particles:settle when stream slows

Bed load

Heavy material bounces, dragged, and rolled

Thalweg

Zone of fastest flow

Aggradation

Accumulation

Base level

Lowest elevation of river

Types of rivers

Straight, Braided, Meandering

River delta

Flat piece of land when fast stream carrying stuff slows down when entering oceans or lakes.

Polar cell

Convection force near polar ends

Hodely Cell

Convection force near equator

Pressure gradient

Primary force for air circulation

Corroilis effect: N hemisphere

Fluids (gas, liquids) Deflect to the right

Corriolis effect: S Hemisphere

Fluids deflect to the left

Trade winds

Airflow from E-W

Anti Trade winds

Airflow from W-E

Cyclone

Follows pressure gradient, counterclockwise

Anticyclone

Clockwise, calm weather

Thermal equator

Area on globe with highest surface temperature

ITCZ

Zone of low pressure and adcending air from equator

Mansoon

Seasonal winds

Scales of motion

Global(Jet streams 1000s/km) Synoptic(Hurricanes 100s/km) Mesocrate (Thunderstorms km) Microcrate (Tornadoes meter)

Types of glaciers

Alpine (from apls) Continental (like greenland and antartica)

Formation of glacial ice

Snow, Course grain snow, firm, glacial ice (Takes years)

U-Shaped valley

After ice freezes it expands and makes a V into U shape valley

Striations

Scratch marks

Glcail Tills

Top part of beach deposit left behind glaciers

Glacial Erratics

Movement of giant boulders or rocks due to glaciers