psychologists and theories

vygotsky

social constructionist, symbolic interactionism. zone of proximal development

zone of proximal development

vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development

social constructionism

symbolic interactionism

attaching meanings/labels to symbols

signal detection theory

how psychological and environmental factors influence thresholds

piaget

schema, adaptation/assimilation/accommodation, theory of mind

schema

piaget

information processing theory

assimilation of new information

piaget new information fits into existing schema

accommodation of new information

piaget existing schema modified to fit new information

piaget theory of mind

sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+

informational processing model

1. thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli

2. delay - stimuli must be analyzed for decision making

3. situational modification - decisions can be extrapolated to other situations

4. problem solving dependent on context and complexity

theory of multiple intelligences

gardner

gardner

theory of multiple intelligences

sternberg

triarchic theory of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

triarchic theory of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

sternberg

spearman

general intelligence g-factor

general intelligence g-factor

spearman

heredity of intelligence

galton

galton

heredity of intelligence

activation-synthesis

dream theory random activation of neural circuitry

cognitive process

dream theory continuation of waking thought

chomsky

nativist

transformational grammar

chomsky nativist

language acquisition device

chomsky nativist innate ability to make transformations of grammar

critical period

nativist language acquisition period between two years and puberty

sensitive period

nativist language acquisition period when environmental input has maximal effect

bf skinner

behaviorist

behaviorist theory of language

language learning driven by operant conditioning, reinforcement

language learning driven by operant conditioning, reinforcement

behaviorist

social interactionist theory of language

language learning driven by desire to communicate

language learning driven by desire to communicate

social interactionist

whorfian hypothesis

linguistic relativity hypothesis that language affects the way we perceive the world

instinct theory

mcdougall james motivation for certain behaviors is based on programmed instincts

certain behaviors are based on programmed instincts

mcdougall james instinct theory of motivation

arousal theory

performance of actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

maintenance of an optimal level of arousal

arousal theory

yerkes dodson

arousal theory bell shaped curve of performance and arousal

drive reduction theory

motivated to eliminate uncomfortable states/tension created by drives

primary drives

sustain homeostasis

secondary drives

stem from learning or emotions

self-actualization

maslow need based theory highest level of hierarchy of needs

maslow

humanist need based theory, hierarchy of needs

self-determination theory

need-based theory emphasizing autonomy, competence, relatedness

autonomy

self-determination theory to be in control of one’s own actions and ideas

competence

self-determination theory to complete and excel at difficult tasks

relatedness

self-determination theory to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

maslow hierarchy of needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization

incentive theory

desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments

desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments

incentive theory

expectancy value theory

value and expectation of success determines amount of motivation

value and expectation of success determines amount of motivation

expectancy value theory

opponent process theory

color/motivation theory controlled by opposing processes

alfred kinsey

sexual behavior through interviews of different sociocultural backgrounds

william masters and viriginia johnson

physiological measurement of sexual arousal between genders, culture

universal emotions

darwin, ekman

paul ekman

seven universal emotions happiness contempt disgust anger sadness surprise fear

james lange

theory of emotion stimulus → physiological response → emotional response

emotional response to physiological response

james lange theory of emotion

cannon bard

theory of emotion stimulus results in simultaneous independent physiological response and unconscious experience of emotion

simultaneous independent physiological and unconscious experience of emotion

cannon bard

singer-schachter

cognitive arousal or two factor theory of emotion requires both physiological arousal and conscious cognitive label for perception of emotion

requires both physiological arousal and conscious perception of emotion

singer-schachter theory of emotion

gender schema

gender identity transmitted through cultural and societal means

self-discrepancy theory

actual, ideal, ought self, and self-esteem

freud

psychosexual, anal, phallic, latency, genital

kohlberg

theory of moral reasoning preconventional, conventional, postconventional

psychodynamic theories of personality

id/pleasure principle/primary process, ego/reality principle/secondary process, superego

carl jung

psychoanalyst, personal and collective unconscious, archetypes, dichotomies of personality

dichotomies of personality

jung extraversion, sensing, thinking

alfred adler

striving for superiority drives the personality, creative self, style of life, fictional finalism

karen horney

ten neurotic needs, basic anxiety/hostility, moving toward, against, or away from people

object relations theory

objects/representations of caregivers persist into adulthood and impact interactions with others

humanistic

person-centered approach to achieve self-realization

gestalt therapy

humanistic holistic view of the self as a whole avoids reducing person to individual behaviors or drives

force field theory

kurt lewin humanist driving and resisting forces defines one’s field

george kelly

humanist personal construct psychology

personal construct psychology

humanist george kelly people devise and test predictions about the behavior of others

anxiety as the result of inner conflicts and pent up tension

psychoanalytic

anxiety as a result of difficulty constructing and understanding variables in environment

humanistic

nondirective therapy

humanistic carl rogers helps clients reflect on problems, make choices, generate solutions, take positive action, determine their own destiny

carl rogers

humanist nondirective therapy helps clients reflet on problems, make choices, generate solutions, take positive action, determine their own destiny

unconditional positive regard

carl rogers accepts the client completely in a positive therapeutic environment

type theorists

taxonomyy of personality types

trait theoriss

personality is the sum of a person’s character

somatotypes

william sheldon personality types based on body type

eysenck

PEN trait theory describes psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism expanded into big five

big five trait theory

Ocean trait theory expanded from eysenck pen theory

gordon allport

trait theorist cardinal, central, secondary traits, functional autonomy

david mcclelland

n-ach personality trait

token economy

behaviorist reward for positive behavior

social cognitive

how environment influences behavior and how we interact with that environment

reciprocal determinism

albert bandura social cognitive thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other in decision making

albert bandura

soical cognitive

dispositional approach

behavior determined by individual’s personality

situational approach

behavior determined by environment and context

functionalism

inclusive fitness theory

altruism based on preservation of genes and evolutionary success

conflict theory

game theory