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Max Stirner - Human Nature
Pessimistic: The ego drives individuals to pursue self-interest. Altruism is only possible if it serves self-interest.
Max Stirner - State
Replace gradually by unions of egoism. The state and private property must be abolished for maximum freedom.
Max Stirner - Society
Ideologies suppress freedom. Individuals should develop their egos and challenge authority. Unions of egoism form to maximise self-interest.
Max Stirner - Economy
The accumulation and protection of property is the main economic motivation. No involvement of morals or laws. Collectivist societies lead to power imbalances.
Peter Kropotkin - Human Nature
Optimistic: Humans are naturally cooperative, living in social groups and engaging in mutual aid.
Peter Kropotkin - State
Overthrow the state, fearing the development of a new one. Preferred small, natural communities over a state.
Peter Kropotkin - Society
No contradiction between a close-knit society and individual liberty. Proposed natural communities based on mutual aid and self-sufficiency.
Peter Kropotkin - Economy
Capitalism must be replaced by a communist system with small, self-sufficient economic units. Inequality causes social tension and disorder.
Mikhail Bakunin - Human Nature
Humans are born with an impulse toward moral justice. Freedom is achieved by obeying natural laws voluntarily.
Mikhail Bakunin - State
Immediate removal of the state, rejecting a workers' state as it would become tyrannical. Advocated for federalism with voluntary communities.
Mikhail Bakunin - Society
Opposed any state, believing power corrupts. The Paris Commune was an example of economic equality and direct democracy.
Mikhail Bakunin - Economy
The capitalist market promotes inequality and should be replaced by free negotiation and exchange based on true value. Private property is a threat to freedom and social order.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - Human Nature
Humans are characterised by their productive abilities and creativity.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - State
Preferred peaceful abolition of the state, favouring decentralized cooperative communities of workers.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - Society
Advocated for mutualism and a federal system of communes. Believed in reconciling individualist and collectivist anarchism.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - Economy
"Property is theft," but supported possessions for managing production. Advocated for common ownership of means of production and a People's Bank.
Emma Goldman - Human Nature
Individual liberty is fundamental, and the desire for freedom is inherent in mankind.
Emma Goldman - State
Rejected political reform, viewing the state and capitalism as oppressive. Advocated for violent revolution.
Emma Goldman - Society
Championed women's emancipation, tolerance of homosexuality, and free love. Promoted "propaganda of the deed" to inspire anarchist actions.
Emma Goldman - Economy
Advocated for the abolition of capitalism without proposing an alternative. Criticised the state and capitalism as exploitative, including religion.
