chemistry and biological macromolecules quizlet

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Elements

Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically.

Atoms

Basic units of matter, composed of subatomic particles.

Subatomic particles

Particles smaller than atoms, including protons, neutrons, electrons.

Protons

Positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus.

Neutrons

Neutral particles in an atom's nucleus.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.

Atomic number

Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Neutral atoms

Atoms with equal numbers of protons and electrons.

First orbital capacity

Can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

Second orbital capacity

Can hold a maximum of 8 electrons.

Third orbital capacity

Can hold a maximum of 18 electrons.

Ion

Atom with a different number of electrons than protons.

Higher potential energy

Electrons further from the nucleus have more energy.

Chemical bond energy

Energy stored in the bonds between atoms.

Building bonds

Releases energy (exergonic)

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together chemically.

Ionic bond

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Hydrogen bond

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and electronegative atom.

Organic molecule

Contains carbon and is essential for life.

Endergonic reaction

Reaction that absorbs energy, building molecules.

Exergonic reaction

Reaction that releases energy, breaking molecules.

Biological macromolecules

Large organic compounds essential for life.

Carbohydrates formula

General formula is Cn(H2O)n.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, the building blocks of carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked together.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides.

Lipids

Hydrophobic organic compounds, including fats and oils.

Saturated fats

Fats with no double bonds between carbon atoms.

Unsaturated fats

Fats with one or more double bonds.

Triglycerides

Fats composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Phospholipids

Lipids with a phosphate group, forming cell membranes.

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids serving various functions.

Peptide bond

Covalent bond linking amino acids in proteins.

Protein structure levels

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

Denaturation

Loss of protein structure due to environmental changes.

Nucleic acids

Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

DNA

Nucleic acid storing genetic instructions for life.

RNA

Nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

Nucleotide

Building block of nucleic acids, composed of sugar, phosphate, base.

Polynucleotide

Chain of nucleotides forming DNA or RNA.