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Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
Agricultural revolution (first one)
The process when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of the Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
Aquaculture
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
Cash crop
A crop that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmer's own use.
Cereal grain
A grass that yields grain for food.
Columbian exchange
The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization and trade.
Commercial agriculture
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
Commercial (or market) gardening and fruit farming
Relatively small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture.
Conservation tillage
A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.
Crop
Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.
Crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid soil exhaustion.
Dairy farm
A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products.
Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation.
Dietary energy consumption
The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories(calories in the United States).
Double cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
Fishing
The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.
Food security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Genetically modified organism (GMO)
A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern technology.
Grain
Seed of a cereal grass
Green revolution (Third agricultural revolution)
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers.
Herbicide
A chemical used to control unwanted plants.
Horticulture
Growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops.
Intensive subsistence agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
Milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
Mixed crop and livestock farming
Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.
Monocropping
The practice of growing the same single crop year after year.
No tillage
A farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year's harvest left untouched on the fields.
Organic agriculture
Farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.
Overfishing
Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
Paddy
The Malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field.
Pastoral nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Pesticide
A substance to control pests, including weeds.
Plantation
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
Ranching
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
Ridge tillage
A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
Sawah
A flooded field for growing rice
Second agricultural revolution
An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century.
Shifting cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left to fallow for long periods of time.
Subsistence agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.
Transhumance
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
Truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the middle english word truck, meaning barter or exchange of commodities.
Undernourishment
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out physical activity.
Wet rice
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
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