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Classical conditioning
• A type of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a learned response.
Unconditioned stimulus
• A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning, e.g., dog food causing salivation.
Unconditioned response
• The natural, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation in response to dog food.
Neutral stimulus
• A stimulus that initially has no effect on the response being studied but can become a conditioned stimulus after association, e.g., the bell before conditioning.
Conditioned stimulus
• An originally neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers a conditioned response, e.g., the bell after conditioning.
Conditioned response
• The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus, such as salivation at the sound of the bell.
Evaluative learning
• An unconscious process where an object is evaluated negatively due to an association, often eliciting disgust rather than fear.
Expectancy learning
• A type of learning where a neutral object becomes associated with a negative outcome, leading to fear.
Operant conditioning
• A learning process through which behaviors are modified based on reinforcements (which increase behavior) or punishments (which decrease behavior).
Phobia
• An excessive fear reaction that leads to avoidance behavior towards a stimulus that poses little real danger, greatly impacting daily life.
Behavioral exposure
• A therapeutic approach where an individual is gradually exposed to a feared object or context to decrease their anxiety, often combined with relaxation techniques to help manage the fear response.
Imagery exposure
• A therapeutic technique involving the visualization of feared stimuli to reduce distress and phobia, allowing individuals to confront their fears in a controlled, imaginal context.
Feelings Thermometer
• A scale used to measure subjective distress ratings in response to fear-inducing stimuli.
Cognitive restructuring
• A therapeutic process aimed at changing negative thought patterns and perceptions related to a phobia.
Ecological validity
• The extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-world settings.
Mundane realism
• The degree to which an experimental situation resembles real-life situations.
Nurture vs. Nature
• A debate regarding the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to human development.
