Sex linked traits features of pedigrees:

They do not skip generations. Affected females will always pass it to about half their sons and half their daughters.  Affected males will never pass it to their sons and sometimes to their daughters.

Features of X-linked dominant traits:

Only appears in males an affected male will always pass it to all of their sons.

Features of Y-linked traits:

Tends to skip generations. Often found when families inbreed. Appears equally in sex’s.

Features of Autosomal recessive traits:

A monohybrid cross.

What does complete linkage act like?

Original arrangement of alleles on the two chromosomes.

Parental classes:

Two dominant alleles on one homolog and two recessive alleles on the the other

Coupling (cis):

More common in males ½ the sons of carriers, skips generations never passed from from father to son.

Features of X-linked recessive traits:

Upstream

Promoters are:

Upstream OR downstream

Enhancers are always:

Specify organ identity

Homeotic genes:

A gene being expressed where it usually isn’t.

An ectopic gene:

proteins that regulate the cell cycle by binding to and activating cyclin-dependent kinases

Cyclin:

Proposed that genes are located on Chromosomes.

What did Walter Sutton do?

He provided EVIDENCE that genes were on chromosomes. 

What did Thomas Hunt-Morgan do?

9:3:3:1

Independent assortment of a Homozygous dominant being test crossed yields what phenotypic results? (DIHYBRID CROSS)

More of the progeny with the parental phenotype

How is linkage detected in testcrosses?

Proposed the frequency of recombination correlates with how far away the two genes are on a chromosome

Alfred Sturtevant

All the progeny exhibiting the dominant trait

The F1 of a testcross with a homozygous dom results in?

Prophase-1

When does crossing over occur?

When one dominant and one recessive allele are on each homolog

Repulsion

30%

If a gene has a 30% recombination rate what percent of the resulting progeny will be recombinants.

Color blindness and Hemiphilia

What two diseases are on the X-chromosome?

that genes were on chromosomes.

Walter sutton proposed…

Recessive ones.

What general type of traits skips generations?

Huntingtons disease, polydactyli

What are some examples of an autosomal dominant trait?

in g1, g2 and M

When are cell cycle checkpoints?

Phosphorylate proteins.

Cyclin dependent kinases do what?

Already having one mutated copy of a gene that just requires one more mutation to happen to cause cancer.

Famial cancer

The cell randomly having enough mutations to cause cancer.

Sporadic cancer (most common)

A genetic basis

What do all cancers have?

Sporadic cancer

What are unilateral tumors associated with?

Familial cancer

What are bilateral tumors associated with?

loss of both copies.

Cancers resulting from RB require what?

Stimulate cell division

What do proto oncogenes do?

normally inhibit cell division.

What do tumor suppression genes do?

Normally required for DNA replication and repair

What do mutator genes do?

Point mutation in coding or the regions that regulate it, deletions of sequences that inhibit it, translocation and gene amplification.

What are the ways a proto oncogene can get converted to an oncogene?

Mutations decrease their activity or amount present, if both alleles are mutated,

What are the ways a tumor suppressor gene can result in cancer? (recessive but can appear dominant in pedigrees).

Regulates the transition from G1 to S phase.

What does RB do?

What does tumor suppressor p53 do?

Recipricol

Type of cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female parents are reversed.

it phosphorylates things.

What does cyclin CDK do?

sepals

A by itself makes what in Aradidapsis

petals

A+B makes what in aradibapsis?

Stamens

B+C makes what in arabidapsis?

Carpels

C by itself makes what in arabidapsis?

7 stripes.

What is the expression pattern of a pair-rule gene

Missing every other segment

What would be the function of a mutant that has lost expression in a pair-rule gene