A.1 Kinematics

Vector Quantity

A vector quantity is a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Examples include displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force.

Scalar Quantity

A scalar quantity is a physical quantity that has magnitude only, but no direction. Examples include distance, speed, mass, and energy.

Displacement

Displacement is a vector quantity that represents the change in position of an object. It is the straight-line distance from the starting point to the ending point, including direction.

Distance

Distance is a scalar quantity that represents the total length of the path travelled by an object, regardless of direction.

Velocity

Velocity is a vector quantity that describes the rate of change of displacement of an object in a given direction.

Speed

Speed is a scalar quantity that measures the rate of change of distance with respect to time — or simply, how fast an object is moving.

Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.It is a vector quantity and is calculated using the formula: change in velocity/change in time

Displacement-Time Graph: Slope=

Velocity

Velocity-Time Graph: Slope=

Accelertion

Velocity-Time Graph for Object with Constant Velocity: Area Under Line=

Displacement

Acceleration–Time Graph for Object with Constant Acceleration: Area Under Line=

Change in Velocity

Instantaneous Velocity

Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object at a specific moment in time. It is the rate of change of displacement at that exact instant and includes both magnitude and direction.

Free Fall

Free fall is the motion of an object under the influence of gravitational force only, with no air resistance.
The object experiences a constant acceleration equal to 9.81ms^-2

Projectile Motion

Projectile motion is the two-dimensional motion of an object under the influence of gravity, where the object moves horizontally and vertically at the same time.

Air Resistance

Air resistance is the force acting opposite to the relative motion of an object moving through the air. It affects the motion of projectiles and can reduce their speed and distance traveled.

Fluid Resistance

Fluid resistance is a drag force that opposes the motion of an object moving through a fluid.

Acceleration due to gravity =

9.81ms^-2

At the highest point, velocity is

0