PSY 2440: LVL 2

Flashcards for the Theories of Development lecture.

Conscious

Mental activity that we are aware of; thoughts that are the focus of our attention at the current moment.

Preconscious

Just below the surface of the water; thoughts that we could potentially be aware of if we tried.

Unconscious

Largest portion of the human mind that is submerged deep below surface; not readily accessible.

Id

Innate, pleasure-driven.

Superego

Morals and values.

Ego

Logic and compromise.

Oral Stage

Pleasure focuses on the mouth; dependent on caregivers to provide nourishment.

Anal Stage

Pleasure focuses on the anus; learning to control body functions; potty training.

Phallic Stage

Pleasure focuses on the genitals; beginning to understand the difference between males and females; development of gender roles; Oedipal and Electra Complexes.

Latency Stage

Development of social and academic skills.

Genital Stage

Sexual interest turns to those outside family.

Schema

A mental framework for organizing and interpreting information.

Assimilation

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Altering existing schemas in light of new information.

Cognitive Schema

Thought pattern schema

Behavioral Schema

Action schema

Role Schema

List of behaviors that go together to tell a person how to behave in a certain situation

Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus that initially elicits no response.

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that elicits a natural, automatic response.

Unconditioned Response

The naturally occurring response that happens without learning.

Conditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that elicits a learned response that is automatic.

Conditioned Response

The learned response to a stimulus that occurs automatically.

Reinforcement

A consequence that increases behavior.

Punishment

A consequence that decreases behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Increases behavior by adding a pleasant consequence following the behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Increases behavior by eliminating an unpleasant stimulus following the behavior.

Positive Punishment

Decreases behavior by adding an unpleasant consequence following the behavior.

Negative Punishment

Decreases behavior by eliminating a pleasant stimulus following the behavior.

Extinction

Elimination of behaviors as a result of withdrawing all reinforcing consequences of that behavior.

Response Burst

Sudden increase in frequency and intensity of a behavior following withdrawal of reinforcement prior to a decrease and elimination of behavior.

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that activate when we observe a behavior just as they would activate when we engage in that behavior ourselves.

Imprinting

Rapid, innate attachment to the first moving object seen.,

Microsystem

Closest to the individual; includes aspects that the individual has direct and frequent contact with.

Chronosystem

Dimension of time.

Macrosystem

Cultural contexts.

Exosystem

Social settings.

Mesosystem

Interactions between aspects of microsystem.

Zone of Proximal Development

Range of skills and tasks that an individual can accomplish with assistance.