Biology module 2

foundations of biology

eukaryotic cell structure and function (animal+plant) 10 terms

Nucleus= chromosomes that are wound up and enclosed in a nuclear envelope controls cell activity and make ribosomes

Plasma membrane= made from lipids and proteins controls the movement of things going in and out the cell

Mitochondria= double membrane, contains the enzymes for respiration and produces ATP for aerobic respiration

Ribosomes= very small organelle found in the cytoplasm or endo plasma reticular where proteins are made

Golgi apparatus = fluid filled membrane that packages and process proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Golgi vesicles= transports the proteins and lipids

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) = lots of ribosomes around it and processes the proteins made

Smooth endoplasmic rectum = synthesises and processes lipids

Cytoplasm = where most of the chemical reactions take place

Lysosome = contains digestive enzymes that break down waste materials in the cell

eukaryotic cell structure and function (plant only) 6terms

Chloroplast = where photosynthesis occurs and contains chlorophyl double membrane

Cell wall = provides structural support and protection; made of cellulose.

Vacuole = large sac that stores water, nutrients, helps maintain pressure inside the cell

Adaptations of eukaryotic cells

RBC:

• Biconcave shape for increased SA and o2 diffusion

• No nucleus so they can store more haemoglobin and bind more o2

small intestines + lungs

• SI have microvilli that increase surface area Lungs have alveoli which increase surface area for gas exchange.

• they also have a large blood supply through capillaries that are 1 cell thick

  Storgage

• fat cells have large lipids store

Energy requirements

• Muscle cells have large amounts of mitochondria to carry out lots of respitation and ATP for areobic respiration in the joints

• nerve cells are the same

Secretion

• cells that secrete substances need a large golgi apperatuss need lots of ribosomes

Transport

• active transport need carrier proteins and channel proteins and ribosomes

Prokaryotic cells

no membrane bound organelles

ribosomes are 70s

cell wall made of murine

flagella help its mobility

DNA in soiled strands and plasmids

may have capsules that secrete substances to protect it

units and conversions

Microscopes

light microscope	transmission electron microscope	scanning electron microscope