hhd unit 4 aos 2

SDG 3 — good health and wellbeing

• prereq target for achieving sgd 3 = TARGET 3.8

  — 3 key features

• KF 1 = maternal and child h+w

• KF 2 = communicable diseases

• KF 3 = non communicable disease

target 3.8

achieve universal health coverage (including financial risk protection), access to quality essential healthcare services, meds and vaccines for all

• prereq target for achieving sgd 3

SDG 3 — key feature 1

maternal and child h+w

• target 3.1 = by 2030 reduce global maternal mortality ratio

• target 3.2 = by 2030 end preventable deaths of newborns + children under 5

SDG 3 — key feature 2

communicable disease

• target 3.3 = by 2030 end the epidemic of AIDS, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases, combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases etc

SDG 3 — key feature 3

non communicable disease

• target 3.4 = by 2030 reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention + treatment & promote mental h+w

• target 3.a = strengthen implementation of WHO framework convention on tobacco control in all countries

SDGS to know

• 1 = no poverty

• 2 = zero hunger

• 3 = good h+w

• 4 = quality education

• 5 = gender equality

• 6 = clean water and sanitation

• 12 = responsible consumption and production

SDG 1

• zero poverty

• target 1.1 = by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all ppl everywhere

• target 1.2 = by 2030, reduce at least half prop of men, women, children of all ages living in poverty

relationship between SDG 1 and SDG 3

• target 1.1 → eradicate extreme poverty all ppl everywhere → women can afford prenatal care and childbirth in med clinic (explain) → target 3.1 → can reduce maternal mortality

• target 3.3 → by 2030 end the epidemic of AIDS, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases, combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases etc → less people sick hence more people can work and earn stable income → target 1.2 → by 2030, reduce at least half prop of men, women, children of all ages living in poverty

SDG 2

• zero hunger

• target 2.1 = by 2030 end hunger and ensure all ppl (esp vulnerable, including infants) access safe and nutritious food all year round

• target 2.2 = by 2030 end all forms malnutrition

relationship between SDG 2 and SDG 3

• target 2.1 → by 2030 end hunger and ensure all ppl (esp vulnerable, including infants) access safe and nutritious food all year round → strengthen immune system (explain) → target 3.3 → by 2030 end the epidemic of AIDS, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases, combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases (reduced infectious disease that attribute to U5MR)

• target 3.a → strengthen implementation of WHO framework convention on tobacco control in all countries → people spend less funds on tobacco, hence can buy nutritious food (explain) → target 2.2 = by 2030 end all forms malnutrition

SDG 4

• quality education

• target 4.1 = by 2030, ensure all girls and boys complete free equitable and quality primary and secondary education

• target 4.4 = by 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship

relationship between SDG 3 and SDG 4

• target 4.1 = by 2030, ensure all girls and boys complete free equitable and quality primary and secondary education → increased literacy skills allows increased ability understand health promotion messages hence reduced risk illness (explain) → target 3.3 = by 2030 end the epidemic of AIDS, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases, combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases etc

• target 4.4 = by 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship → increased chance earn income hence afford nutritious food hence healthier pregnancy (explain) → target 3.1 = by 2030 reduce global maternal mortality ratio

• target 3.2 = by 2030 end preventable deaths of newborns + children under 5 → increased amount children can get education (explain) → target 4.1 = by 2030, ensure all girls and boys complete free equitable and quality primary and secondary education

SDG 5

• gender equality

• target 5.1 = end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

• target 5.3 = eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

relationship between SDG 3 and SDG 5

• target 5.3 = eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation → less risk of early pregnancy and dying during it or delivery bc bodies not ready → target 3.1 = by 2030 reduce global maternal mortality ratio

• target 3.3 = by 2030 end the epidemic of AIDS → reduced risk women get sexually transmitted disease from marriage → target 5.6 =  ensure women have control over their sexual and reproductive health and can access reproductive health services

SDG 6

• clean water and sanitation

• target 6.1 = by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

• target 6.2 = by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation + hygiene for all + end open defecation

relationship between SDG 3 and SDG 6

• target 6.2 = by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation + hygiene for all + end open defecation → decreased chance children consume contaminated water, reduced chance waterborne disease (explain) → target 3.2 = by 2030 end preventable deaths of newborns + children under 5

• target 3.3 = by 2030 end the epidemic of waterborne diseases → involves ensuring sources of water are clean and safe via purification → target 6.1 = by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

SDG 12

• responsible consumption and production

• target 12.2 = by 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

• target 12.5 = by 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse

relationship between SDG 3 and SDG 12

• target 12.4 = ensure the responsible management of chems and waste → keep water sources clean, reduce risk waterborne disease, women have good health during pregnancy (explain) → target 3.1 = by 2030 reduce global maternal mortality ratio

• target 3.3 = by 2030 end the epidemic of AIDS, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases, combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases etc → more people not sick and can work, more people earn stable income and pay more taxes, govs have more funds to allocate to reducing waste generation like through recycling initiatives → target 12.5 = by 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse

WHO

branch of UN that works with govs and orgs around world to achieve better health for everyone, everywhere

WHO’s overall goal

promote, provide, protect h+w for all ppl everywhere

WHO’s 3 goals

• promote health — healthier populs → 6 bil ppl enjoy healthier lives

• provide health — universal health coverage → 5 bil ppl benefit from universal healthcare w/o financial hardship

• protect health — health emergencies → 7 bil ppl better protected from health emergencies

WHO goals — promote health (healthier populs)

1. respond to climate change which is an increasing health threat

2. address health determinants and root causes of ill health

WHO goals — provide health (universal health coverage)

3. advance primary health care + essential health system capacities for universal health coverage

4. improve health service coverage + financial protection to address inequity and gender inequalities

WHO goals — protect health (health emergencies)

5. prevent, mitigate and prepare for health risks from all hazards

6. rapidly detect and sustain an effective response to all health emergencies

health determinants

factors that have a sig influence on health

e.g. envo, genetics, income, education level

WHO goal 1 — objective 1

RESPOND TO CLIMATE CHANGE AS AN INCREASING HEALTH THREAT

• escalating health threat

• climate-resilient health systems

• lower carbon health systems and societies for improved h+w

WHO goal 1 — objective 2

ADDRESS HEALTH DETERMINANTS AND MAIN CAUSES OF ILL HEALTH

• health inequities reduced → increased barriers to discrimination (race, religion, gender etc)

• risk factors for NCDs and CDs + violence + malnutrition reduced

• health promotion programmes → empower ppl control their health

WHO goal 2 — objective 3

ADVANCE PRIMARY HEALTHCARE + ESSENTIAL HEALTH SYSTEM CAPACITIES FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

• accelerate UHC and primary healthcare

• improved workforce

• improved health financing

• improved access to quality health products

• stronger health info systems

• digital transformation occurs

universal health coverage

• ensure all countries have strong health system → provides everyone access healthcare services (appts, essential meds, vaccines etc)

• ensure healthcare affordable for all

WHO goal 2 — objective 4

COVERAGE + FINANCIAL PROTECTION TO ADDRESS INEQUITY AND GENDER INEQUALITIES

• improved + equitable access services for NCDs, mental health conditions, CDs

• addressing antimicrobial resistance

• equitable access sexual reproduction health

• equitable access maternal, newborn, child, adolescent health

• improved access nutrition services

• improved access immunisation

• financial protection for health expenditures + reducing financial barriers to accessing healthcare

WHO goal 3 — objective 5

PREVENT, MITIGATE AND PREPARE FOR RISKS TO HEALTH FROM ALL HAZARDS

• reduced risk of health emergencies

• impact of health emergencies mitigated

• improved readiness and resilience for health emergencies

WHO goal 3 — objective 6

RAPIDLY DETECT AND SUSTAIN AN EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO ALL HEALTH EMERGENCIES

• rapid and effective detection of acute public health threats

• rapid and effective response to acute public health threats

• sustained access to essential health services during emergencies

• equitable access to essential health services during emergencies

humanitarian assistance

immediate assistance given to populs in response to crisis that short term and relieves suffering (e.g. flood, earthquake etc)

• provision food, water, meds, shelter

• provision personnel e.g. health workers

why should humanitarian assistance not be provided long term

countries can become dependant on handouts → don’t build comms for long-term sustainable development

3 types of aid

• bilateral aid

• multilateral aid

• aid by NGOs

bilateral aid

• gov donor country provide support directly to gov recipient country

• purpose = help reduce poverty, improve health outcomes, promote long-term sustainable development

• helps gov recipient country to strengthen economic, political, health and ed systems so become self-sufficient

• e.g. fund immunisation programs, build schools, provide humanitarian assistance when needed etc

multilateral aid

• assistance provided thru large global orgs e.g. UN, WHO

• govs give money to multilateral orgs → combine funds → support countries in need

• reduce poverty, achieve equity in health outcomes and promote long-term sustainable development

• oft address global issues

  — humanitarian assistance thru World Food Programme during famine periods

  — funding for global warming

  — funding for disease control

  — infrastruc projects

aid by NGOs

• focuses on smaller comm-based projects to meet basic h+w needs and promote comm development + participation (rather than larger projects)

• advs = trust, can access areas diff to access by other aids like remote/conflict-affected regions, focus more on smaller comm-based projects to promote targeted hhd etc

NGOs

non-prof orgs that aim to promote hhd + operate independently from govs

• funding from govs and public donations

australia’s aid aim

reduce poverty + promote peaceful, stable, prosperous Indo-Pacific region based on sustainable development

• SDGS provide framework for action

where aus aid given and why

• where = Indo-Pacific region

• why = high poverty levels, some have conflict → struggling to meet basic needs

why aus works with partners to deliver aid

• maximise impact, geo reach and influence of aid

• learn from exp and resources each partnership brings

• avoid duplication of efforts

aus aid partnerships

• bilateral partnerships

• multilateral agencies

• local comms

• gov departments

• unis

• businesses

• NGOs

aus aid partnerships e.g. — bilateral partnerships

• aus works with other countries govs to provide aid or respond to humanitarian crisis

• when countries work tgt to coordinate aid → improves delivery and impact of aid as resources and expertise pooled → increased promotion HHD

aus aid partnerships e.g. — unis

DFAT works with aus unis to provide scholarships to students from low and mid-income countries → if students gain education then return to their comms with increased knowledge and skills → can make +ve change

outcomes of effective aid are to…

• reduce poverty + inequality in low and mid income countries

• promote human rights

• promote equal and stable global system

• help achieve SDGs

features of effective aid

• education

• focus on women

• focus on sustainability

• free cost

• focus on results

• transparency

• focus on local people

CTRL SEW

features of effective aid response structure

state feature → example from program (quotes) → explanation why this makes program successful → how it helps uptake/reach/participation/retention/engagement → link to health outcomes (dimensions or status) or human development (creating an envo…)

features of effective aid — ownership by recipient country

• recipient country govs and comms involved in decision making (e.g. what type aid needed, how programs implemented) not donor country

• meets needs of recipient country and comms

• implemented in socioculturally sensitive way — considers local sociocultural and political factors

features of effective aid — focused on achieving the right outcomes

• targets patterns of disease and illness

• having lasting impact on reducing poverty + promoting hhd

• low cost programs (bc many ppl in poverty → hence program benefits those who need it most)

• focuses on ed to build the knowledge and skills of local comm

• focuses on women

• aims to reduce poverty and inequality

features of effective aid — involves partnerships and collabs

• ensures comm involvement and ownership

• combines diff expertise + strengths all partners

• efficient use resources + avoid duplication programs

• allows local people to have their voice rep on topics that affect them + rec solutions → if locals involved also lets aid be sustainable as after assistance workers leave locals can continue efforts

• e.g. partnerships = gov recipient country, NGO, multilateral agencies etc

features of effective aid — monitoring and evaluation

• ensures funding for program used for intended purpose

• ongoing eval needed to check if aims being met + making diff to hhd of comm

taking ind action

UN has developed framework for actions ppl can do from couch, home, comm, workplace

— e.g. things you can do at…

• couch = report harassment seen online (social media, chats)

• home = short showers to save water

• comm = donate to local charities (clothes, books, furniture)

• work = speak up against discrimination

etc

social action

using collective action to help bring +ve change

— examples:

• large scale = rallies, protests, strikes

• volunteering to raise funds

• donate to NGOs → to ppl in low and mid income countries → funds development programs, emergency assistance, sponsor a child

• sign petitions

social enterprises

based on identifying + researching problem → planning solution → developing action plan → taking action to solve problem