Bio Unit 2 and Nucleic Acids

why did i not make notecards sooner

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Info storage and gene expression/regulation

Purines

A, G

Pyrimidines

C, T, U

How are Nucleic acids formed? what bond is created? describe it

Dehydration rxn; Phosphodiester bond; links two sugar molecules together via a phosphate group

Describe primary and secondary structure of DNA

Sequence of bases, one side of DNA; base pairs through hydrogen bonds, both sides

DNA has ___ strands, _____ inside and a ______ outside.

Antiparallel; Hydrophobic; Hydrophilic

Why is DNA more stable than RNA (3 reasons)

Thymine is more stable than Uracil

Double helix shape is more stable

Deoxyribose is more stable than ribose

Two different types of prokaryotes

Eubacteria

Archae

All cells have what in common (5 things)

Cytoplasm/cytosol

DNA/chromosomes

Plasma membrane

ribosomes

metabolism

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes when discussing things that all cells have in common?

Prokaryotes:

Chromosomes are circular

NO NUCLEUS

NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

cell walls made of different materials

Eukaryotes:

Chromosomes NOT circular; DNA wrapped around histone proteins

Which is larger, prokaryotes or eukaryotes

eukaryotes

What are the differences between plant and animal cells (8 bullets)

Animal; Plant

glycogen; starch

small vacuoles; large vacuole

Lysosomes; vacuole performs digestive function

no chloroplasts; chloroplasts

no cell wall; cell wall

flagella for some; flagella rare

Both have mitochondria

Gap junctions; plasmodesmata

What is the nuclear envelope?

The DOUBLE membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

What are the three places ribosomes can be found?

Free in the cytoplasm

Attached to the ER

On nuclear envelope

Name the parts of the endomembrane system (7)

Plasma membrane

Nuclear envelope

smooth and rough ER

Vesicles

Golgi apparatus

lysosomes

vacuoles

What is the function of smooth ER (3)

Lipid and Carb synthesis

Detox

Calcium ion storage

what is the function of the rough ER

Produces glycoproteins made for secretion

Functions of golgi apparatus (2)

receives vesicles from ER

transports vesicles to other areas or to plasma membrane

function of Lysosomes

Digestion; enzymes for hydrolysis of macromolecules

function of vacuoles (3)

Stores:

defensive compounds, pigments, water, ions

Pumps out excess water

Contributes to cell growth in plants

What do Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have in common? (4)

They both transform energy

double membranes

ribosomes

circular DNA

What are the parts of the Mitochondria (5)

Outer Membrane

Inner membrane

Inner membrane space

Matrix (mtDNA, ribosomes, proteins for respiration)

Cristae

What are the parts of chloroplasts? (5)

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Inner membrane space

Grana (stacks of thylakoids)

Stroma (cpDNA and ribosomes)

What are the functions of peroxisomes? (2)

Breaks down fatty acids

Detoxify alcohol and other toxins

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A network of fibers that can be dismantled and reassembled, and can be used to move the whole cell or parts of the cell

What are the parts of the Cytoskeleton? (3)

Microtubules (tubulin)

Intermediate filaments

Microfilaments (actin)

Describe the structure of each of the three parts of the Cytoskeleton

tubulin proteins; hollow

intermediate filaments; keratin proteins; solid

actin proteins; twisted

What are some additional functions of Microtubules? (2)

Resist compression

aid in movement (9+2 arrangement)

Additional functions of intermediate filaments? (3)

Permanent support

maintains rigidity

anchors some organelles

Additional functions of microfilaments? (2)

support

movement

In plant cells, what is just outside the cell? try to get in correct order (5)

Going down = further out of cell

Plasma membrane

secondary cell wall

primary cell wall

middle lamella (made from pectin)

Plasmodesmata

In animal cells, what is just outside the cell? order doesn’t matter (3)

Gap Junctions; lined with proteins

Desmosome

Tight junctions

What does Amphipathic mean?

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

What are the components of the plasma membrane? (3)

Phospholipids

Steroids (cholesterol)

Proteins

What are the functions of proteins in the plasma membrane? (4)

Cell identification (glycoproteins)

Transport

Signaling

Attachment

The fluidity of the plasma membrane effects which two things?

Permeability

Function of enzymes

What is the structure of a fluid and viscous plasma membrane?

Fluid; viscous

Unsaturated tails prevent packing; saturated tails pack together tightly

what is cholesterol’s role in the plasma membrane in moderate and low temp environments?

mod

Maintains membrane structure by reducing phospholipid movement

low

maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing of phospholipids

What are the types of molecules that are selectively permeable to the membrane? try to get in correct order (4)

Down = slower/more difficult to pass through membrane

Small hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules

smalll uncharged polar molecules

larger uncharged polar molecules

Ions

What is Passive Transport?

Diffusion of small nonpolar molecules across a membrane

What is Osmosis

Movement of water across a membrane

What is water’s concentration gradient?

many unbound H2O (high) → few unbound H2O (low); in other words, water moves to solution with high solute concentration

What are the three water balance states in Cells without cell walls?

Hypotonic

Lysed; lower [solute] outside; water enters faster than it leaves

Isotonic

Normal; = [solute]; water exits/enters at same rate

Hypertonic

Shriveled; higher [solute] outside; water leaves faster than it enters

THESE SOLUTES CANNOT GO THROUGH THE MEMBRANE

What are the three water balance states in Cells with cell walls?

Hypotonic

Turgid (normal); lower [solute] outside; water enters faster than it leaves; turgor pressure pushes on cell wall

Isotonic

Flaccid; = [solute]; water exits/enters at same rate

Hypertonic

Plasmolyzed; higher [solute] outside; water leaves faster than it enters

THESE SOLUTES CANNOT GO THROUGH THE MEMBRANE

what is osmoregulation?

regulation of water balance

What are the two proteins in the plasma membrane that are used for facilitated diffusion?

Channel proteins (aquaporins, ion channels)

carrier proteins

How is the phosphate on ATP broken off?

hydrolysis rxn

Steps of sodium potassium pump

1. [Na+] and [K+] high and low respectively outside cell, inverse is true for inside of cell

2. carrier protein gets energy from ATP

3. protein changes shape and releases Na+ out of cell

4. protein fills with K+ ions; phosphate detaches once filled

5. protein returns to original shape

6. K+ exits protein inside cell

What is a proton pump?

moves H+ outside cell

What are electrogenic pumps?

Ion pumps that establish both a concentration gradient and a membrane potential

What is Cotransport?

The use of an artificial concentration gradient to transport another molecule

what is exocytosis?

releasing materials/waste out of the cell

what are the three types of endocytosis?

Phagocytosis - ingestion of bacteria

Pinocytosis - cell takes in solutes into a vesicle

receptor mediated endocytosis - pinocytosis but has receptors to filter which solutes gets taken in

Mitochondria who make ATP without oxygen are called what?

anaerobic mitochondria

Mitochondria who dont use an electron transport chain are called what?

Hydrogenosomes

Mitochondria who dont synthesize ATP are called what?

Mitosomes

What is an alternative theory for endosymbiosis?

The host was an archaebacterium that produced methane. The symbiont was a facultative aerobe. The nucleus evolved later