Heart Topology

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Last updated 7:15 AM on 8/25/26
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5 Terms

1
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What is the apex of the heart?

  • Lowest portion of the heart

  • Formed by inferolateral left ventricle

  • Projects anteriorly and left

  • Located around the 5th intercostal space

  • Near the left midclavicular line


2
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What is the base of the heart?

  • Upper border of the heart

  • Includes:

    • Left atrium

    • Part of right atrium

    • Proximal great vessels

  • Located approximately below the 2nd rib


3
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What is the endocardium?

  • Endothelial tissue

  • Lines interior of:

    • Heart chambers

    • Heart valves


4
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What is the myocardium?

  • Thick, contractile middle layer

  • Made of cardiac muscle cells

  • Forms bulk of heart wall

  • Responsible for cardiac contraction


5
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What are the epicardium and pericardium?

  • Epicardium: serous layer of pericardium

  • Contains:

    • Coronary arteries/veins

    • Autonomic nerves

    • Lymphatics

  • Pericardium: double-walled connective tissue sac

  • Surrounds heart and great vessels