AP World History Unit 5 Revolutions

Divine Right

The belief that monarchs are ordained by God to rule, leading to the idea that people have a moral/religious obligation to obey them.

Mandate of Heaven

In China, the doctrine that a ruler must govern justly to maintain the approval of heaven.

Social Contract

The theory that governments are formed to meet social and economic needs, not by divine decree.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who argued that government should preserve peace and stability through a powerful, heavy-handed rule.

John Locke

Philosopher who believed in natural rights and that revolting is justified if the government fails to secure these rights.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who asserted that all men are equal and that government should reflect the general will of the people.

Voltaire

Philosopher known for advocating for religious toleration.

Montesquieu

Philosopher who promoted the idea of separation of powers among government branches.

David Hume

Philosopher who questioned religion due to a lack of empirical evidence.

Adam Smith

Economist who introduced the idea of the 'invisible hand' regulating the economy when left alone.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Advocate for women's political rights, including voting and holding office.

Immanuel Kant

Philosopher who argued that knowledge exists beyond mere observation or reason.

Cesare Beccaria

Philosopher who believed criminals retain some rights and state punishment should not be cruel.

Enlightened Monarchs

Rulers who applied ideas of tolerance, justice, and improvement of quality of life in governance.

Neoclassical Period

Artistic movement in the 18th century that imitated ancient Greek and Roman architectural styles.