Biology I Final: Mrz. Kuntz

a nucleus and other complex organelles

what do prokaryotes lack that eukaryotes have?

metabolically diverse

although prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other complex organelles, they are still what?

Escherichia coli

organisms found in the guts of warm-blooded organism

helpful/beneficial

most of the 100s types of E coli are what?

microflora

made up of microorganisms living on and in us

vitamins

E coli helps us make what?

pathogens

disease-causing agents

bacteria, virus, fungus, protist, worms, prions

examples of pathogens:

O157:H7 E. coli

Human Pathogen type of E coli

causes diarrhea (sometimes bloody), inflammation, and produces toxins

animal feces

where is E coli (pathogen) found?

because they are sticky

why does washing fruits and vegetables with water not remove all E coli bacteria?

when they're not handled or cooked properly

why can meats be contaminated with E coli?

eukaryotes

have a nucleus and other complex organelles

eukaryotes

single-celled, colonial, or multicellular

cell

smallest living unit

shape and function

cells vary in what?

plasma membrane

DNA

cytoplasm

ribosomes

what are shared features of all cells?

plasma membrane

regulates what comes in and out through phospholipid bilayer; separates inside of cell from outside

cytosol

fluid material enclosed

prokaryotic cytoplasm

includes everything inside the cell

eukaryotic cytoplasm

includes everything between plasma and nuclear membrane inside the cell

ribosomes

where protein synthesis occurs

prokaryotes

are ribosomes smaller in prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

magnification

enlarge specimen

resolution (resolving power)

ability to see detail

electron beams

what are used to see viral particles and macromolecules?

scanning electron microscope

provides a 3D surface view with a depth of field

transmission electron microscope

images the internal structure by passing electrons through an ultrathin sample, offering higher resolution and atomic-level detail

fluorescence micrograph

uses fluorescence dyes

micrograph

a magnified image of a small specimen, captured using a microscope or similar device

pace with its metabolism

a living cell must exchanges substances with its environment at a rate that keeps what?

surface-to-volume ratio

relationship in which the VOLUME of an object increases with the CUBE of the diameter and the SURFACE AREA increases with the SQUARE

it will lyse

what will happen to a cell if it becomes too big?

1. all organisms composed of one or more cells

2. cells are basic structural and functional unit of life

3. all living cells arise by division of preexisting cells

4. cell contain DNA

Cell Theory:

shapes

prokaryotes can come in a variety of:

coccus

spherical-shaped cells

bacillus

rod-shaped cells

spirillum

spiral-shaped cells

ribosomes

organelles upon which polypeptides are assembled

plasmids

small extrachromosomal circle of DNA that carries a few genes

adverse conditions

plasmids are associated with what?

nucleoid

region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated

cell wall

rigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane

protects the cell and supports its shape

cell wall function:

a second membrane

what surrounds the cell of many bacteria (and a few archaea)?

a thick capsule

consists of proteins and/or polysaccharides that encloses the cell wall (or the second membrane)

helps the cells adhere to surfaces and also offers protection

what does the capsule do?

pili (fimbriae)

protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells

flagella

long, slender, cellular structure used for motility

a community

bacteria typically live in a what?

biofilm

a community of microorganisms living with a shared mass of secreted slime

adverse conditions

biofilms are highly resistant to what?

share genetic information

in a biofilm, microbes can do what with each other?

endosymbiotic theory

states organelles originated from early prokaryotes living within another cell

mitochondria and chloroplasts

what membrane-bound organelles contain their own DNA?

nucleus

protects and controls access to DNA

endoplasmic reticulum

makes and modifies new polypeptides and lipids, among other tasks

central vacuole

storage vesicle only found in plant cells

Golgi body

collects, packages, sorts, and ships molecules

aerobic respiration, exergonic

what chemical process is this?

Glucose+O2———> CO2+H2O

is this endergonic or exergonic?

cytoplasm and mitochondria

where does cellular respiration occur?

36-38 ATP per glucose

how much ATP does the mitochondria produce?

vesicle

transports, stores, or breaks down substances

membrane-bound structures

mitochondrion

makes ATP by glucose breakdown

chloroplasts

makes sugar through photosynthesis

lysosome

intracellular digestion;

contain lytic enzymes;

break down macromolecules and old cell parts

peroxisome

breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, toxins

contains digestive enzymes like catalase

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

3 components of cytoskeleton

vacuole

stores, breaks down substances

chromatin

DNA and associated proteins (long, thin, and threadlike) in a cell nucleus

nucleoplasm

semifluid interior portion of the nucleus,

DNA is found within this

chromosome

DNA and associated proteins coiled and condensed

nuclear envelope

double membrane that surrounds nucleus with nuclear pores

nucleolus

dense region of proteins and nucleic acid where ribosomal subunits are produced, spherical structure

nuclear pores

allow certain substances to pass through nuclear envelope

endomembrane system

multifunctional network of membrane-enclosed orgnaelles

smooth ER

forms lipids, detoxifies substances (biles, salts)

catalase

what breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

transcription

DNA to RNA

translation

RNA to protein

double membrane

the mitochondria has what membrane?

mitochondria

where is the majority of ATP formed?

oxygen

the final electron acceptor?

aerobic respiration

requires oxygen

DNA, maternal line

mitochondria has its own what? how can this be traced in humans?

plastids

double-membraned organelles that function in photosynthesis, storage, and/or pigmentation in plant and algal cells

double membrane, inner (thylakoid) membrane

membranes of chloroplast

chlorophyll

a thylakoid membrane incorporates many pigments, including a green one called...

extracellular matrices

complex mixture of proteins and polysaccharides secreted along cell surface

cell wall (plants)

provides protection from osmotic pressure, cell lysis

primary cell wall

composed of cellulose (polysaccharide)

secondary cell wall

composed of lignin, gives strength and stability (this is why trees don't flop over)

cuticle

waxy level secreted on above-ground plant parts; a protective covering

holds in water and prevents water loss

purpose of cuticle produced by plant:

basement membrane

helps attach cells to underlying tissues

tight junctions

seals 2 adjacent cells so that no substances can pass between cells

gap junctions

closABLE channels that connect the cytoplasms of 2 adjacent cells

adhering junctions

will connect cell membrane of 2 adjacent cells via microfilaments

plasmodesmado (plant cell junction)

open channels (always open) between 2 cells

cytoskeleton

gives structure and support, maintains cell shape, and movement