Research Hypotheses

Flashcards in the FILL_IN_THE_BLANK style based on the provided lecture notes.

A __ is a testable prediction.

hypothesis

A purpose of a hypothesis is to give __ to the research.

direction

A well-grounded hypothesis indicates the researcher has __ knowledge in the area.

sufficient

__ research primarily uses hypotheses.

Quantitative

A hypothesis used as a provisional conjecture to guide investigation is called a __ hypothesis.

working

A hypothesis may prevent __ in research.

wasted time and effort

A hypothesis provides a __ for understanding data.

framework

A hypothesis suggests the __ to the research question.

answer

Pre-existing __ may influence the formulation of a hypothesis and the interpretation of results.

biases

Hypotheses are a key part of the __ method, driving the testing and refinement of theories.

scientific

Researchers derive hypotheses inductively from observations, deductively from theory, and from __ research.

previous

When a researcher makes specific predictions from generalizations, they are using __ reasoning.

deductive

The first step a researcher takes when deriving a hypothesis inductively is making __.

observations

A researcher observing that students who study in groups tend to perform better hypothesizing study improves test scores is an example of __ reasoning.

inductive

It is important for a deductive hypothesis to logically follow from the theory to allow for valid conclusions about the __.

theory

If a hypothesis is supported but wasn't rigorously deduced from theory, the researcher cannot claim the findings __ the theory.

support

The primary purpose of a hypothesis in quantitative research is to __ the research process.

guide

Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning are __ processes.

complementary

Limitations of using an inductive approach to hypothesize a causal link may overlook other factors and cannot definitively prove __.

causation

To formulate a testable hypothesis using deductive reasoning, one might hypothesize that students taught with hands-on activities will __ those taught with lectures.

outperform

The primary function of a hypothesis in research is to propose a __ between variables.

relationship

A usable hypothesis should be verifiable, relate measurable variables, and conform to __ knowledge.

existing

It's important for a hypothesis to be __ to allow for testing through observation and data collection.

verifiable

For a hypothesis to conform to existing facts, it should be based on a thorough review of relevant __.

literature

A potential issue with the hypothesis 'increased social media use leads to lower self-esteem' is that it includes a __ statement.

value

An example of a testable hypothesis is, 'Students who study more will get __ grades'.

better

Researchers should avoid using __ statements in their hypotheses because they cannot be objectively tested.

value

The purpose of __ definitions in a hypothesis is to clearly define how variables will be measured.

operational

To develop a strong, testable hypothesis, researchers should clearly define key terms and base their hypothesis on existing educational theories and __ findings.

research

It is crucial for a researcher to ensure their hypothesis relates variables that can be measured so the hypothesis can be tested __.

objectively

The most important characteristic of a research hypothesis is that it is __.

testable

A complex hypothesis is NOT a type of __ hypothesis mentioned in the text.

research

The purpose of stating a hypothesis clearly is to make it easier to __ and understand.

test

The principle of parsimony suggests choosing the __ hypothesis that explains the phenomenon.

simpler

A directional hypothesis example is, 'Increased exercise leads to __ stress levels'.

decreased

A directional hypothesis predicts the __ of the relationship between variables.

direction

It's important for a hypothesis to be based on observation, related literature, and/or __ to ground it in existing knowledge.

theory

A nondirectional hypothesis example is that there is a __ in academic performance between students who attend class regularly and those who do not.

difference

Researchers should formulate specific hypotheses based on previous studies and consider the __ of similar drugs.

known effects

A defined relationship guides the research design, data collection, and analysis, ensuring the study effectively addressees the __ question.

research

The primary purpose of a __ hypothesis in research is to establish a baseline for comparison.

null

A nondirectional hypothesis indicates a relationship exists, but not the __.

direction

The symbol commonly used to represent a null hypothesis is __.

H0

A researcher starts with a null hypothesis to reject it and to avoid __ in their research.

bias

If a researcher finds a relationship between two variables in a sample, they must determine if the relationship applies to the entire __.

population

If a null hypothesis is rejected, there is sufficient evidence to support a relationship between variable this mean the __ has been met.

criteria

An appropriate null hypothesis is 'The medication will have __ effect on blood pressure.

no

A null hypothesis denies a relationship to prove otherwise, while an __ hypothesis suggests one.

alternative

The null hypothesis would that there is _ relationship between sleep deprivation and problem-solving ability.

NO

The null hypothesis allows researchers to assess if the observed relationship is likely genuine or a __.

chance occurrence

The first step in hypothesis testing is stating the relationship in__ terms.

operational

To state a relationship in operational terms is defining variables to clarify how the variables will be __ and observed.

measured

The purpose of stating the research question in terms of a null and alternative hypothesis is to provide a clear framework for testing the __.

relationship

Choosing a research method allows the hypothesized relationship to be observed to gather __ relevant to the research question.

evidence

The role of inferential statistics in hypothesis testing is to determine if the observed findings are likely due to __.

chance

If the probability of the observed findings being due to chance is very small, there __ is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

enough

Many hypotheses are rejected because the data collected do __ support the predictions of the hypothesis.

not

A quantitative research plan includes: clearly stated problem, succinct statement of the hypothesis, operational definitions of variables NOT Detailed __ demographics.

participant

An example of a social media research plan includes the problem: Does excessive social media use affect adolescent self- esteem? and include __ analysis for the hypothesis.

correlational

Opening a hypothesis that might be rejected can lead to new research questions, revised theories, and a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study.This contributes to the __ of knowledge.

advancement

The main purpose of a __ study in research is to test the feasibility of the research plan.

pilot

A benefit of conducting a pilot study is identifying potential problems with the research __.

design

During a pilot study, a researcher might ask a __ to check their procedures for flaws.

colleague

A research __ which might be pre-tested in a pilot study is a questionnaire.

instrument

For a study to be feasible, it is possible to conduct with __ resources.

available

A pilot study can reveal if the study is too complex or has insurmountable obstacles for a researcher to decide whether a study is worth __.

continuing

A pilot study can help a researcher identify useful __ tools by providing preliminary data that can be analyzed.

statistical

If a pilot study is skipped, time and resources might be wasted on a flawed research __.

design

A pilot study could test the feasibility of the therapy, identify potential issues with the __ protocol.

intervention

A Pilot study would only be useful testing __ the statistical analysis plan.

improves

Flexibility allows researchers to address unforeseen challenges, improve the rigor of their study, and increase the likelihood of obtaining __ results.

meaningful