Test_1_Review_for_ISAT112

Observation

Noticing something interesting or unusual.

Hypothesis

Proposing an explanation or prediction based on the observation.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable.

Controlled Variables

Variables that are kept constant to ensure that the results are due to the manipulation of the independent variable alone.

Null Hypothesis (H₀)

A statement that there is no effect or relationship between variables, typically tried to disprove.

Alternate Hypothesis (H₁)

A statement suggesting there is an effect or a relationship between variables, opposite of the null hypothesis.

Green Chemistry

The design of chemical products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances.

Emergent Property

A characteristic or behavior that arises from the interaction of simpler elements within a system.

Shifting Baselines

The phenomenon where each generation perceives the state of the environment as normal based on their own experiences.

Cradle to Grave

A model that considers the entire lifecycle of a product from creation to disposal.

Cradle to Cradle

A sustainable approach where products are designed to be reused, remanufactured, or recycled.

Source

A location or process that provides or emits a substance into the environment.

Sink

A location or process that absorbs or stores a substance.

Random Errors

Errors that occur unpredictably, often due to uncontrollable variations in measurements.

Systematic Errors

Consistent, repeatable errors that usually come from a faulty measurement system or bias.

Human Errors

Mistakes made by the experimenter, such as incorrect measurements or failure to follow proper procedures.

Ozone Depletion

The thinning of the ozone layer caused by chemicals such as CFCs, increasing UV radiation harm.

Montreal Protocol

A global treaty designed to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances.

Ideal Gas Law

The equation PV=nRT that relates pressure, volume, and temperature in a gas.

Diffusion

The process by which pollutants spread from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Convection

The transfer of heat and pollutants through the movement of air or liquids.

Ecosystem Services

The benefits humans receive from healthy ecosystems, such as clean air, water, and pollination.

Urban Heat Island Effect

When urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities.

Anthropogenic Causes of GHGs

Human activities like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation that increase greenhouse gases.

CO₂ Emissions

Carbon dioxide emissions resulting from human activities, primarily from burning fossil fuels.