Aquatic Fishing Gears, Predator-Prey Dynamics, and Fishery Management, Fisheries Habitat Importance and Conservation Strategies, Fisheries Biology and Life History: Concepts, Evolution, and Management, Estuarine Fishery Management and Climate Impact…

What is the difference between passive and active fishing gear?

Passive gear does not move and waits for fish to come to it, while active gear chases fish down to capture them.

Give two examples of passive fishing gear.

Baited hook and line, trap.

Name two examples of active fishing gear.

Trawl net, seine net.

What does CPUE stand for?

Catch-per-Unit-Effort.

What are the two main types of gear used in fishing?

Passive and active gear.

What is the purpose of measuring CPUE?

To assess the efficiency of fishing efforts.

What are some problems associated with measuring CPUE?

Non-linear catch rates, saturation, and priority effects.

What is optimal foraging?

The idea that organisms should forage in ways that maximize the ratio of benefits to costs.

What factors are considered as costs in optimal foraging?

Handling time, foraging time, and predation risk.

What benefits might an organism gain from optimal foraging?

Amount of food, gross energy intake, net energy gain, and growth.

What is the role of prey density in predator-prey dynamics?

Prey density affects the predation rate and can influence foraging efficiency.

What is the cultivation-depensation hypothesis?

It explains why certain fish stocks, like northern cod, have not recovered despite reduced fishing pressure.

What does the Lotka-Volterra model describe?

The dynamics of predator-prey interactions.

What happens to predation rates as prey density increases according to Holling's disc equation?

Predation rate levels off as factors other than prey availability become limiting.

What is the significance of the 'predator pit' in ecological models?

It illustrates how low predator abundance can lead to poor growth and survival rates for prey.

What is one method by which fish can learn to forage optimally?

Through increased experience and skill in capturing prey as prey density increases.

What is an example of a biogenic habitat?

Coral reef.

What is the impact of artificial reefs on fish populations?

They can concentrate target fish and increase recruitment production.

What is the relationship between prey size and predator selection?

Predators often exhibit size-selective feeding, preferring certain sizes of prey.

How does competition for food affect fish populations?

High competition can lead to intense interactions and affect growth and survival rates.

What is the significance of allochthonous and autochthonous food sources?

They represent different origins of energy and nutrients available to aquatic food webs.

What is the importance of habitat in fisheries?

Predation refuge, juvenile rearing, spawning substrate.

How does habitat mediate predation?

Largemouth bass consumed less fish, ate more terrestrial prey, and grew more slowly.

What is biogenic habitat?

A type of habitat important for fish, often created by living organisms.

What is pelagic habitat?

An important but dynamic habitat affected by anthropogenic impacts.

What is diel vertical migration?

A behavior where fish change depth in the water column based on time of day.

What can change DVM behavior in fish?

Predation.

What does NOAA do regarding essential fish habitat?

Identifies important habitat and can control fishing impacts or restore habitat.

What are Habitat Areas of Particular Concern?

Designated areas that require special attention for habitat protection.

What does the ESA do for fish habitat?

Provides legal protection for essential fish habitat.

What are some causes of habitat loss?

Sea level rise, shoreline hardening, development.

What is one method of habitat restoration?

Artificial reefs for attraction and production.

What is life history in the context of fisheries biology?

An investment strategy in energy allocation that maximizes the chance of reproducing the most or best fitted offspring.

How is life history evolution analogous to economic development?

It is likened to a free market where calories are considered as coinage.

What are the key components of life history that fisheries management must consider?

Reproduction and fertilization, stage duration, movement, and methods for studying life history.

What are the phases of an example life history?

Larval phase or fry, settlement, squamation, pigmentation, habitat change, form change, and juvenile to sub-adult phase.

What is the challenge in comparing the life history of Summer and Winter Flounder?

Understanding how their life histories differ in terms of reproductive mechanisms and environmental interactions.

What are the two types of fertilization in fish?

Internal and external fertilization.

What are the costs and benefits of internal fertilization?

Cost: anatomical constraints and copulation effort. Benefit: targeted gamete production and higher survival rates.

What are the costs and benefits of external fertilization?

Cost: wasted gametes and lottery effect. Benefit: multiple paternity and increased gamete production.

What does size determine in fish life history?

Gamete, spawning, and parental care investment.

What is the difference between iteroparity and semelparity?

Iteroparity refers to multiple reproductive cycles over a lifetime, while semelparity refers to a single reproductive event before death.

What is Bateman's Principle in relation to mate access?

Variability in spawning success is greater in females than in males, leading to male competition for female access.

What is sexual dimorphism?

The presence of two or more distinct forms in the same species, often related to reproductive roles.

What are the stages of fish development?

Egg, preflexion, flexion, metamorphosis, squamation, pigmentation, fin development, maturation, and senescence.

What is the Critical Period Hypothesis?

The idea that fish must feed before the yolk sac is depleted to survive.

What does the Match-Mismatch Hypothesis state?

The timing of fish hatching must align with the timing of plankton blooms for successful recruitment.

What is the Lottery Hypothesis in fish recruitment?

The concept that a bottleneck occurs during recruitment/transformation, affecting survival rates.

What is dispersal in fish movement?

One-way movement that populates new spaces, including reef-resident larvae.

What is migration in fish?

Two-way predictable movement between habitats offering different resources, often genetically cued or learned.

What is the significance of hydrography in fish recruitment?

Hydrography influences the number of recruits and their contribution to the population.

What is stock identification in fisheries management?

The process of determining the specific population of fish based on genetics, tagging, or chemical markers.

What role do natural stable isotopes play in stock identification?

They help trace the origins of fish populations based on their chemical composition.

What is the importance of life tables in fisheries biology?

They provide data on age-specific survival and growth rates, essential for understanding population dynamics.

What is the relationship between fish size and fecundity?

Larger females typically produce more eggs, while larger males often have better territories.

What is the role of courtship behavior in fish reproduction?

Courtship behavior includes various strategies like promiscuity, monogamy, and territoriality to attract mates.

What is the significance of passive acoustics in fish behavior?

It helps in understanding how sound, color, and movement are used to display fitness during courtship.

What factors influence the timing of recruitment in fish populations?

Hydrography, environmental conditions, and the timing of reproductive events.

What is the impact of environmental variability on fish life span?

In variable environments, fish tend to have longer life spans, while in predictable environments, they may have shorter life spans.

What factors influence fish and crab responses to habitat dynamics?

Natural physical variation, wind farms, power plants, climate change, pollution, dredging, and shoreline building.

What methods are used to study fish in habitat dynamics?

Robotics, sonar, and tagging.

What is the National Estuarine Research Reserve System?

A state and federal partnership through NOAA focused on estuarine research and management.

What is the purpose of the JC NERR System Wide Monitoring Program?

To collect and manage data on estuarine environments.

What type of data has been collected by the Tide Gauge at Cape Horn Marina?

Tidal data for 18 months, currently working on tidal datum calculations.

Since when has water quality monitoring data been collected?

Since 1996.

What is the significance of the slope of 0.0595 in the context of climate change in the Mid-Atlantic Bight?

It indicates a temperature increase of 3.03°C over 19 years.

What defines a fishery?

A social-ecological system organized around the harvest of wild marine or aquatic fish or invertebrates for human use.

What was the peak year for world fishery landings?

The 1980s.

What is the 'Tragedy of the Commons' in fisheries?

The over-exploitation of shared resources leading to depletion.

What are some management actions in fisheries?

Catch controls, effort controls, and technical measures.

What does the total biomass cap in fisheries depend on?

It is set by factors like transfer efficiency, fertilization, and cycling.

What was the total fish production in 2018?

179 million tons.

How much did aquaculture grow by from 1990 to 2018?

527%.

What are the components of recreational fisheries diversity?

Gear, target species, environments, social context, and motivations.

What is the economic impact of recreational fisheries in Florida?

Over $8 billion annually.

What are some states with significant economic impacts from recreational fisheries?

Louisiana, North Carolina, Texas, and New Jersey.

What is the role of political clout in fisheries management?

It influences allocation battles, such as the striped bass example.

What is the significance of the Centralized Data Management Office (CDMO)?

It manages data collected from various monitoring programs in the National Estuarine Research Reserve System.

What is the status of the first data collection for the 9 SETs installed in 2015?

First data collection began in November 2018.

What is a fishery?

A social-ecological system organized around the harvest of wild aquatic fish or invertebrates for human use.

What do human dimensions of fisheries refer to?

The social aspects of social-ecological systems, including all human aspects related to fisheries.

What is the significance of the term 'human dimensions'?

It highlights the importance of human subsystems within fisheries management.

What are the four components of fisheries as a social-ecological system?

Ecological, economic, social, and cultural components.

What historical period saw major technological advancements in fishing?

The Industrial Revolution.

What issues arose from advancements in fishing technology?

Pollution, ghost gear, rampant overfishing, and international fisheries conflicts.

What was a significant outcome of fish stock collapses in the 1980s?

Reforms in fisheries management in the US.

What is the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Act (MSA)?

A law established in 1976 that governs marine fisheries management in the US.

What were the original goals of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Act?

To extend US control of the ocean, limit foreign fishing, prevent overfishing, recover overfished stocks, and manage marine resources.

What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?

A sea zone prescribed by the United Nations that extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline, where a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources.

How are fish species that span borders managed?

Through international cooperation and management commissions that conduct stock assessments and allocate quotas.

What is the role of public comment in fisheries management?

To foster public buy-in, identify stakeholder concerns, and ensure all voices are heard in the management process.

What outcomes can fisheries be managed for?

Ecological, economic, and social outcomes.

What methods can be used to identify stakeholders' regulation preferences?

Focus groups, direct questioning, surveys, and tracking fishing effort.

What is the 'Tragedy of the Commons' in relation to fisheries?

A situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete shared resources, leading to long-term negative consequences.

What is a significant contemporary issue in fisheries management?

Balancing ecological sustainability with economic and social needs.

Why are many human dimensions offices within fisheries underfunded?

Due to a lack of recognition of their importance in fisheries management.

What is the importance of high-level, multi-disciplinary thinking in fisheries management?

It allows for a comprehensive understanding of fisheries as a whole, integrating various components and disciplines.

What are some broad human aspects of fisheries?

Cultural identity, economic reliance, social structures, and community engagement.

What challenges do fisheries face due to overfishing?

Stock collapses, ecological imbalances, and socio-economic impacts on fishing communities.

What is the significance of the term 'social-ecological systems' (SES) in fisheries?

It emphasizes the interconnectedness of human and ecological components in fisheries management.