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Fall Line
Natural boundary between Piedmont and Coastal Plain.
Okefenokee Swamp
Largest swamp in North America; located in southeast Georgia.
Chattahoochee River
Major river forming Georgia’s western border with Alabama.
Savannah River
Forms Georgia’s eastern border with South Carolina.
Barrier Islands
Islands that protect Georgia’s coast from erosion and storms.
Appalachian Mountains
Mountain range in north Georgia; includes Blue Ridge.
Paleo Culture
Oldest prehistoric group in Georgia; nomadic hunters of large animals.
Archaic Culture
Developed tools, fishing, and early farming techniques.
Woodland Culture
Built burial mounds and used the bow and arrow.
Mississippian Culture
Most advanced prehistoric group; built chiefdoms and large mounds.
James Oglethorpe
Founder of the Georgia colony in 1732.
Tomochichi
Yamacraw chief who helped James Oglethorpe settle Georgia peacefully.
Mary Musgrove
Interpreter between Oglethorpe and Tomochichi.
Trustee Period
1732–1752; Georgia governed by trustees, no slavery or alcohol.
Royal Colony
Georgia under direct control of the king after 1752; slavery allowed.
Savannah
First city and capital of colonial Georgia.
Charter of 1732
Legal document that established Georgia as a colony.
French and Indian War
Conflict that led to British debt and colonial taxes.
Proclamation of 1763
Forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Loyalists
Colonists who remained loyal to Britain.
Patriots
Colonists who wanted independence from Britain.
Battle of Kettle Creek
Important Patriot victory in Georgia during the Revolutionary War.
Siege of Savannah
Failed attempt by Patriots and French to take back Savannah.
Declaration of Independence
1776 document declaring colonies’ independence from Britain.
Articles of Confederation
First U.S. government; too weak to be effective.
U.S. Constitution
Established a strong federal government; ratified by Georgia.
Georgia Constitution of 1777
First state constitution for Georgia.
Headright System
Land given to white male heads of households.
Land Lottery
System of distributing land by random drawing.
Yazoo Land Fraud
Corrupt land deal that led to public outrage.
Railroads
Transportation system that boosted Georgia’s growth; Atlanta began as Terminus.
Cotton Gin
Invention that increased cotton production and slavery.
Dahlonega Gold Rush
1829 event that led to Cherokee removal.
Creek Indians
Forced off Georgia land; McIntosh was executed for signing a treaty.
Cherokee Indians
Tried to assimilate but were forcibly removed.
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court ruled Cherokee land was sovereign; ignored by Jackson.
Andrew Jackson
U.S. President who enforced Indian removal.
Trail of Tears
Forced migration of Cherokee to Oklahoma.
States’ Rights
Belief that states should control their own laws, especially about slavery.
Dred Scott Case
Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property, not citizens.
Election of 1860
Lincoln’s win led to secession of Southern states.
Battle of Chickamauga
Major Civil War battle in Georgia; Confederate victory.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Union campaign of total war through Georgia.
Andersonville
Infamous Confederate prison in Georgia.
Reconstruction
Period after Civil War to rebuild the South.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Helped freed slaves with education, jobs, and housing.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the U.S.
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to anyone born in the U.S.
15th Amendment
Gave African American men the right to vote.
Sharecropping
Farming system where poor workers farmed land in exchange for a share of the crop.
Bourbon Triumvirate
Three powerful GA politicians who supported white supremacy and business.
Henry Grady
Journalist; promoted “New South.”
International Cotton Exposition
Industrial fair to show GA’s recovery after the Civil War.
Disenfranchisement
Ways to prevent Black citizens from voting (poll taxes, literacy tests, etc.).
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court case that legalized segregation (“separate but equal”).
Booker T. Washington
Believed African Americans should work hard and earn respect over time.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Demanded immediate equality for African Americans.
Alonzo Herndon
Former slave who became a successful businessman in Atlanta.
1906 Atlanta Riot
Racial violence sparked by false accusations.
Leo Frank Case
Jewish factory manager lynched after unfair trial.
Boll Weevil
Insect