The Scientific Revolution Part II (2)

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and reasoning.

Observation

Identifying a phenomenon or problem as the first step in the scientific method.

Hypothesis

A testable explanation proposed in the scientific method.

Experimentation

Testing the hypothesis through controlled experiments in the scientific method.

Data Collection & Analysis

Recording results and drawing conclusions in the scientific process.

Reproducibility

The ability to verify results through repeatable experiments, emphasized by Francis Bacon.

Empiricism

A philosophy emphasizing knowledge through observation and experimentation, attributed to Francis Bacon.

Idols of the Tribe

Errors in perception common to all humans, as identified by Francis Bacon.

Idols of the Cave

Personal biases shaped by individual experiences, as described by Bacon.

Idols of the Marketplace

Confusion caused by ambiguous language and miscommunication, according to Bacon.

Idols of the Theatre

Blind acceptance of traditional beliefs and ideologies, as explained by Bacon.

Deductive Reasoning

An approach that starts with a general principle and applies it to specific cases.

Inductive Reasoning

An approach that begins with specific observations and builds towards a general conclusion.

The Royal Society

A prestigious scientific institution established for the promotion of natural knowledge.

Nullius in verba

The motto of the Royal Society, meaning 'Take nobody’s word for it.'

Law of Inertia

The principle that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

F = ma

Newton's second law of motion stating that acceleration is directly proportional to net force and inversely proportional to mass.

Action and Reaction

Newton’s third law of motion stating that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity of an object, defined as the change in velocity over change in time.

Velocity

The rate of displacement of an object per unit of time.

Gravitational Constant (G)

The constant used in the calculation of gravitational force, approximately 6.674e-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2.

Escape Velocity

The minimum velocity an object must reach to break free from Earth's gravitational pull.

Galileo Galilei

An Italian polymath who made significant contributions to physics and astronomy, known for his innovations in the telescope.

Pendulum Motion

The observation that a pendulum’s swing is independent of amplitude, leading to advancements in timekeeping.

Two New Sciences

Galileo's work that introduced the foundational principles of physics and engineering.

Heliocentrism

The astronomical model positing that the sun is at the center of the universe, opposed to the geocentric model.

Geocentrism

The outdated model placing the Earth at the center of the universe.

Universal Gravitation

Newton's law explaining that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to their masses.

Tides

The rise and fall of ocean levels caused by the Moon's gravitational pull on Earth.

Coriolis Effect

The apparent deflection of moving objects due to Earth's rotation.

Foucault Pendulum

A pendulum that demonstrates Earth's rotation by changing its plane of oscillation as Earth rotates beneath it.

Projectile Motion

The motion of an object projected into the air, subject to gravitational and aerodynamic forces.

Alchemical Research

The study of the transmutation of metals and the Philosopher’s Stone, pursued by Newton.

Reflecting Telescope

An optical telescope invented by Newton that uses mirrors to reflect light.

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton's Second Law

The relationship between mass, acceleration, and force, defined by the formula F = ma.

Newton's Third Law

The principle that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Newton's seminal work outlining the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Scientific Inquiry

The structured pursuit of knowledge through observation and experimentation.

Empirical Science

Science based on experiments and observations, as contrasted with philosophical speculation.

Francis Bacon

The 'Father of Empiricism,' who advocated for scientific inquiry based on observation and experimentation.

Galileo's Moons

Galileo's discovery of four moons orbiting Jupiter, providing evidence against the geocentric model.

Phases of Venus

Galileo's observation that Venus goes through phases similar to the Moon, supporting heliocentric theory.

Sunspots

Dark spots observed on the Sun’s surface, indicating that the Sun is not a perfect sphere.

Milky Way

Galileo's discovery that the Milky Way is made up of countless individual stars.

Newton's Impact on Astronomy

Explanation of why Kepler’s laws hold true through the inverse-square law of gravity.

Hypothesis Testing

The process of testing a hypothesis through controlled experiments.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

States that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to their masses.

Gravitational Pull

The force exerted by a celestial body on another, determined by mass and distance.

The Royal Society's Notable Early Members

Included Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren, Edmund Halley, and Isaac Newton.

Scientific Knowledge

Knowledge obtained through systematic inquiry and reproducibility.