Antamoy week two

What is the lymphatic system composed of

lymph vessels and lymphoid structures

what is Lymph

fluid transported within vessels

interstitial space

hydrostatic pressure

Primary lymphoid structures

thymus & redbone marrow

lymphocytes born here

Secondary lymphoid structures

tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

immune cells/ immune response

Lymph vessels

right lymphatic duct, thoracis duct, cisterna chyli, lymphatic trunk, lymphatic vessels

Characteristics of lymph

15% not reabsorbed (3L daily)

water, dissolved solutes, protein (100-200g)

cell debris, cancer, virus/bacteria

Lymphatic capillaries

Small

open-ended lymph vessels absorb interstitial fluid

areolar/ vascularized tissue

wall endothelium

no basement membrane/overlap endoth cells

Anchoring filaments

help hold endothelial cells to nearby structures

prevent collapse when fluid enters

GI lymphatic capillaries

lacteals

absorb lipid soluble

lymph lipid mixture=chyle

interstitial hydrostatic pressure

increase fluid capillary-lumen= closed

greater than lymph pressure

capillaries-vessels-trunk-duct

Lymphatic vessels

next to deep arteries/viens

valves in lumen

3 vessel tunics

what are the 3 vessel tunics

intima, media, externa

purpose of valves

prevent backflow

(crucial lower limbs)

mechanisms to move lymph

1. contraction skeletal muscle/ respiratory pump

2.ryhtmic contraction smooth muscle trunk/ducts

3.pulsate blood in arteries

Lymphatic trunk

left & right drain/remove lymph

Jugular trunk

drains head and neck

Subclavian trunk

drain upper limbs, breasts, superficial thoracic wall

bronchomediastinal trunks

drain deep thoracic wall, lung, heart

Intestinal trunk

drains stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, part of the liver

lumbar trunk

drains lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, and pelvic organs

Right lymphatic duct

clavicle, short 1-2cm

drain head, neck, upper limb, thorax

return to venous circulation @junction-subclavian & jugular vein

(Left) Thoracic lymphatic duct

large 37.5-45cm (15-18in)

drain head, neck, upper limbs, thorax, abdomen, both lower limb

diaphragm-junction-left subclavian & jugular vein

cisterna chyli

cisterna chyli

pouch thoracic duct

storage chyli

base thoracic duct L2- aortic open diaphragm- up vertebral midline

Lymphedema

swelling abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues

lymphatic filariasis

thread worms in vessels

Lymph SUPER LARGE swell extreme cases

elephantiasis

Red bone marrow

name 1 or 2, location & function?

1

location: spongey bone

function: B-lymphocyte mature

Thymus

name 1 or 2, location & function?

1

location: superior mediastinum (adults) & ant/sup (child)

function: T-lymp maturation & differentiation

Lymph nodes

name 1 or 2, location & function?

2

location: on length lymphatic vessels, cluster axillary, inguinal, cerv regions

function: filter lymph & immune response

Spleen

name 1 or 2, location & function?

2

location: left up quad abdomen, 9-11 ribs wraps

function: filter blood, immune response blood, reservoir/remove erythrocytes & platelets

Tonsils

name 1 or 2, location & function?

2

location: oral cavity/ pharynx (throat)

function: protect against inhaled/ ingested sub

Lymphoid nodules

name 1 or 2, location & function?

2

location: body organ wall of appendix

function: protect organ foreign sub

MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

name 1 or 2, location & function?

2

location: clusters in GI, resp, urin, reproductive

function: protects mucosal memb foreign sub

Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

formed element production in red bone marrow

what are formed elements

erythrocyte, platelets, granulocytes (neutrophils, esinophils and basophils)

Thymus

bilobed organ in superior mediastinum

t-lymp maturation

grows until puberty 30-50g

replaced with adipose tissue

Thymus in children

2 fused thymic lobes surround connective tissue capsule

trabeculae/septa (fibrous) subdivide lobes into lobules (cortes & inner medulla)

why are they called secondary lymphoid structures?

they house lymphocytes & immune cells enmeshed in reticular connective tissue matrix

lymphoid organs or nodules

which contain complete capsules?

lymphoid organs

lymph nodes & spleen

which contain incomplete/absent capsules?

lymphoid structures

tonsils, lymphoid nodules & MALT

Lymph nodes

small oval clusters (0.1-2.5cm) lymphatic tissue @lymphatic vessels

500-700 through body

Afferent lymphatic vessels

bring lymph to a lymph node

Efferent lymphatic vessel

only 1 @hilum/hilus

drainer

Hilum/hilus

involuted portion of lymph node

Describe capsule of lymph node

dense irregular CT encapsulates nodes

internal extension trabeculae

blood vessels

lymph sinuses

cortex/inner medulla

Trabeculae

internal extension subdivide node into compartments

What's in the germinal center?

proliferating B-lymph & macrophages

surrounded by mantle zone

What's in the mantle zone?

T lymph, macrophages, & dendritic cells

Medulla

connective tissue for B/T lymph & macrophages

medullary chords

what are the structures in the cortex and medulla that allow lymph movement through the lymph node

cortical & medullary sinuses

Flow steps of lymph

1. afferent lymph vessel (inflow large)

2. lymph node sinus

3. efferent lymph vessel (outflow small)

Lymphoma

malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

1.Hodgkin lymphoma & 2 .Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

1. reedsternberg cell 2 nuclei owl eye cancer

2. aggressive/fatal malnigant

what are the functions of the spleen (white and red pulp)

White pulp: immune response in blood

Red pulp: venous phagocytosis of bacteria, old/defective erythrocytes & platelets & blood reservoir for eryth/platelets

Splenectomy, why, what happens after?

surgical removal of the spleen bc/ infection, injury, other body parts will take over function +chance of infection

Pharyngeal tonsil

posterior wall of nasopharynx, inflamed adenoids

Palatine tonsils

at posterior lateral end of oral cavity, lingual are 1/3

Blood flows through the spleen in order

1. splenic artery

2. central artery white pulp

3. splenic sinusoids red pulp

4. splenic vein

lymphatic nodules ilium small intestine called

peyer patches

What does the respiratory system consist of

respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea & bronchiole tree sacs alveoli)

Purpose of the passage for air

atmospheric air moves into alveoli breath in and out exhaled

Purpose of conditions inhaled air

mucous memb lining, warms/moist conditions & traps particles before reaching lungs

Purpose of sit for gas exchange

resp memb made alveolus/pulmonary capillaries
O2 alveoli diffuse into blood/ Co2 from blood to alveolis

Purpose of olfaction

olfactory receptors in nasal cav for smell sent by receptors to brain

Purpose of sound production

vocal chords larynx (voice box) vibrate as air moves in upper resp structures

Upper resp tract

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Lower resp tract

trachea, bronchi, brochioles (resp/terminal), alveolar ducts, alveoli

define conducting zone

passageway transport/ conduct air
nose-end bronchioles

define respiratory zone

structures gas exchange with blood
resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Respiratory tract

exposed external environment
lined internally by mucosa (mucous membrane or resp mucosa)
epithelium basement memb & under lamina propria areolar CT
cilia

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines what?

nasal cavity, parasanl sinus, nasopharynx, trachea, inferior larynx, main/lobar bronchi

Simple cilliated columnar epithelium lines what?

segmental, smaller and large bronchi

Simple cuboidal epithelium lines what?

terminal resp bronchi

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epethelium lines what?

regions resp tract that get a abraission
oropharynx, laryngopharynx, vocal folds, superior larynx

Goblet cells

unicellular exocrine glands secrete mucus 1-7tsbp daily

Mucin

protien increase visosicty for trapping in mucus
has enzyme, antibodies, antimicrobial prop
sputum

Cystic fibrosis

defective chloride channels, ducts and musus begins to block causing infection

nose

bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular tiss
1 pair lateral cart & 2 pair alar cart
nares/nostrils

nasal cavity

oblonged opening chonae
floor is hard and soft palents
roof is frontal, ethmoid & sphenoid bone

nasal septum

divides r&l anterior is septal nasal cart
perpendicular plat & vomer bone