Lab 3: The Skeletal System, Axial Skeleton

what is the skeletal system made of

skeletal bones, cartilage, ligaments, connective tissue to stabilize the skeleton

what kinds of organs are bones

dynamic, consist of several tissue types

what is the skeleton divided into

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

what does the skeletal system support

provides the framework for the attachment of other organs

what does the skeletal system store 

storage of mineral, calcium ions which 98% of calcium ions are found in the bones, and phosphate ions 

what does the skeletal system produce

blood cells, bone marrow produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

leverage in the skeletal system

muscles pull on the bones to produce movement

what do ribs protect

heart and lungs

what does the skull protect 

brain 

what does vertebrae protect

spinal cord

what do pelvic bones protect

reproductive organs

long bones

greater in length than width, they have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary (marrow cavity), they are found in upper and lower limbs, for example, the humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula

flat bone 

thin and plate like, have thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone, resembles a spongy bone sandwich, strong but relatively light, form the root of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae, protect underlying soft tissues and have an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles, special terms used when describing them such as parietal bones, relative thick layers of compact bones called the internal and external tables, and layer of spongy bone between the tables is called the diploe 

sutural bone

occur where the interlocking joints of the skull, called sutures, branch and isolate a small piece of bone (varies from one person to another), small, false oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull along the sutures, develop from separate centers of ossification 

irregular bone

don’t fit in another category (vertebrae), have complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces, their internal structure is equally varied

short bone

almost as wide as long (wrist and ankle), boxlike in appearance, their external surfaces are covered by compact bone, but the interior contains spongy bone

sesamoid bone 

form inside tendons, usually small, round, and flat, they develop inside tendons and are most often encoded near joints at the knee, the hands, and the feet, everyone has sesamoid patellae (kneecaps) 

pneumatized bones 

bones that are hollow or contain numerous air pockets such as the ethmoid bone 

compact bone (dense bone)

are dense and solid and form the walls of bone

spongy bone (trabecular, cancellous, bone)

open network of plates, surrounds the medullary cavity which consists of bone marrow

elevations and projections

process, ramus

process

any projection or bump

ramus 

an extension of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure 

openings 

sinus, meatus, fissure, foramen 

sinus

a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air

meatus

a passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

fissure

a deep furrow, cleft, or slit

foramen

a rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves 

depressions 

sulcus, fossa 

sulcus

narrow groove

fossa

shallow or depression

processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach

trochanter, crest, spine, line, tubercle, tuberosity

trochanter

large, rough projection

crest 

prominent ridge 

spine

pointed process

line

low ridge

tubercle

small, rounded projection

tuberosity 

rough projection 

processes formed for (articulations) with adjacent bones

head, neck, facet, condyle, trochlea

head

the expanded end of an epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck

neck

a narrower connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis

facet 

a small, flat articular surface 

condyle

a smooth, rounded articular process

trochlea

a smooth, forced articular process shaped like a pulley