hesi a2 anatomy!

parietal

covers an area around an organ

pleura

lungs

peritoneum

surrounds cavity around abdimonal cavity

-parietal & visceral peritoneums

lymphatic

IMMUNE SYSTEM

fights infections

rough ER

ribosomes located here

cytoplasm

ribosomes here

centrosome

helps with cell divison

hypertonic, isotonic, hyoptonic

hypotonic- cells are filled with ions (K+, Na ions), water outside the cells "hypotonic" cell wants to burst open

hypertonic- the cell is lacking ions/solutes, water outside the cell is hypertonic, cell is shriveled/deprived

osmosis- water likes to diffuse to area of high concenetration, where the solutes are

differentiation

cells become specialized to do something

cytokinesis

cytoplasmic divison

mitosis

nuclear division

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cytokinsis

fibroblasts

produce fibers and collagen

skeletal muscles are controlled by the

somatic nervous system

smooth muscles are controlled by the

autonomic nervous system

neurotransmitter that stimualtes muscles to contract

acetylcholine

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

12

how many pairs of spinal nerves are ther

31

ANTERIOR pituitary hormones-- adenohypophysis

acryonm to remember: FLAT PIG

FSH, LH, ACH, TSH, PRL, GH

POSTERIOR pituitary hormones (neurohypophysis)

oxytocin and ADH

calcitonin

regulates blood calcium level

parathyroid hormone

takes calcium from the bones to make it available for the blood

adrenal gland

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine -

Aldosterone - a mineralcorticoid, helps kidneys conserve sodium and excrete potassium, maintaining blood pressure

Cortisol - keeps blood glucose levels stable, stress hormone

Adrenal Sex Hormones - androgens (male) and estrogens (female)

pancreas

very large gland behind your stomach... stimulates liver to break down glycogen

What cell structure is missing from blood cells?

nucleus

how is the pituitary gland regulated?

the hypothalamus

trochlear nerve

eye movement

trigemenal nerve

muscles for chewing

vestibulocochlear nerve

hearing and balance

abducens nerve

eye movement

where does the liver get its blood from

the liver receives blood from two major blood vessels.

1. The hepatic artery - brings oxygen-rich blood from the heart.

2. The hepatic portal vein - brings blood rich in digested nutrients from the intestine.

right atrium and right ventricle

pumps blood into the LUNGS/pulmonary arteries

left atrium and left ventricle

recieves blood from PULMONARY VEINS veins

pericardial sac

surrounds heart and helps prevent overfilling

where is cortisol realased from

adrenal cortex

what does the cortisol do

reduce inflammation, raises blood sugar level, and inhinbits release of histamine

how is the pituitary gland attatched to the hypothalamus

infundibulum

why are hormones of the adenohypohysis (anterior pituitrary) also called tropic hormones

because they act mainly on other endocrine glands

3 parts of whole blood

plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes

where are all formed elements of blood formed

in the red bone marrow

white blood cells active in phagocytosis

neutrophiles and monocytes

white blood cells that form antibodies

lymphocytes

where does the heart send blood to

lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit, and the remainder through the systemic circuit

valves between the atria and ventricles

tricuspid (right side of heart)

bicuspid (left side of heart)

how is blood supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle)

by the coronary arteries

where does blood drain from and to

from the myocardium directly into the right atrium thru the corony sinus

where do the superior and inferior vena cava veins empty?

into the right atrium of the haert

what is the respiratory system controlled by

the medulla oblongata

regulator of blood Ph?

carbon dioxide

how many pairs of salivary glands are there

3

what breaks down food in the stomach

HCl

which enzymes act on food in the small intestine

pancrease and bile from the liver

small intestine 3 major regions

duodenum, jejunum, ilieum

where do nutrients go from small intestine for decontamination

the liver!

intestinal flora

the lrage intestine has an abundent amount of bacteria called intestinal flora

large intestine 5 portions

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and the sigmoid colon , and then the rectum

glomerulus in bowmans capsule of nephron

this is where the actual filtration process happens in the kidneys

main function of male and female reproductive organs

production of gametes (sex cells) and production of hormones (under control of tropic hormones in pituitary gland)

where does sperm develop

in the seminiferious tubules of each teste

intertitial cells between seminiferous tubues prouduce what

testosterone

where is sperm stored and done being produced

in the epidiymis of each testi

ejaculation pathway

vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

glands that produce semen

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (cowpers) gland

what is testicular activity under control of

2 anterior pituitary hormones

FSH...regulates sperm production

LH...stimulates intersitial cells to produce testosterone

why do eggs in the ovarian follies ripen?

they are under control of the FSH

what initiates preparation for the endometirum of the uterus for pregnancy

the estrogen

what happens when the LH gets released from the pituitary gland

ovulation is stimulated

what secretes the progesterone and estrogen

corpus luteum

what stimulates development of the endometrium

progetorone and estrogen

if the corpus luteum does not get fertilized what happens

it would degenerate and mentstration begins

Levels of the Body

atoms

molecules

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems