Humanities Questions 1-15 Model answers

The Exam will be Q/A

When did Australia Federate?

January 1, 1901.

Provide two key reasons why Australia Federated.

1. Defence: Need for a unified military force. 2. Immigration/Trade: Need for a single, consistent immigration policy and the abolition of internal tariffs (free trade).

Explain the difference between a Push Factor and a Pull Factor in migration.

Push Factors compel people to leave their home (e.g., war, poverty). Pull Factors attract people to a new country (e.g., jobs, land, stability).

Identify three Push Factors that led people to migrate to Australia (1800-1918).

1. Poverty/Economic Depression in home country. 2. Famine (e.g., Irish Potato Famine). 3. Political/Religious Persecution.

Identify three Pull Factors that led people to migrate to Australia (1800-1918).

1. The Gold Rushes (instant wealth). 2. Availability of Land (for farming/settlement). 3. Assisted Passage Schemes (cheap travel).

Define Colonisation.

A process where one imperial power establishes control over a foreign territory and its people, often by sending settlers, to exploit the land and resources.

When did the First Fleet arrive, and who led it?

Arrived January 1788 (settled Jan 26). Led by Captain Arthur Phillip (carrying mainly convicts).

Provide two reasons why Australia was colonised.

1. Need for a new Penal Colony (after losing America). 2. Strategic Interest (to claim the continent before rivals like the French).

Define Terra Nullius and explain its significance.

Latin for 'land belonging to no one'. The British used it to legally justify colonisation by disregarding the land ownership and sovereignty of Indigenous Australians.

Identify and explain the significance of one event (1800-1905).

The Eureka Stockade (1854). Gold miners rebelled against unfair licence fees. Significance: Led to democratic reforms (like male suffrage for miners) and is seen as an early symbol of Australian democracy.

Why was the Indigenous-British relationship negative? Provide two examples.

Due to land dispossession and racial supremacy. Examples: Frontier Wars (armed conflict over land) and the Myall Creek Massacre (unarmed Indigenous people murdered by settlers).

Explain what the White Australia Policy was.

A series of laws, starting in 1901, designed to prevent non-European people from immigrating to maintain a "white" nation. The key mechanism was the Dictation Test.

Explain why Australians wanted the White Australia Policy.

Driven by Racial Prejudice (belief in white superiority), Economic Protection (fear of cheap non-white labour undercutting wages), and a desire for British cultural unity.

Explain three impacts of the White Australia Policy.

1. Created a racially homogenous (mainly British) population. 2. Damaged international reputation (especially with Asia). 3. Led to systemic discrimination against non-European residents.

Explain when, why, and how the White Australia Policy was removed.

When: Formally ended in 1973 (gradual process from 1940s). Why: Need for skilled migrants, changing social attitudes, and improving Asian relations. How: Legislative amendments that replaced racial criteria with a non-discriminatory, skills-based points system.