AP Biology Test 1 Flashcards

AP Biology function group information

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA
• CHONP
• pentose sugar
• phosphate
• Nitrogenous
• purines (A, G) and made of double rings
• Pyrimidines (C, T, U) made of ONE ring
• phosphodiester bond

carbonyl group

C=O
Ketone: middle
Aldehyde: end (with hydrogen bonded to the carbon)

Amino group

NH2
Base picks up hydrogen
Only one with Nitrogen

Carbohydrates

• Carbs have more oxygen compared to lipids
• Straight chain
• Monosaccharides: one ring
• Disaccharides: two rings
• Polysaccharides: large structures
• CHO
• bonded by glycosidic linkages

Lipids

• Mostly long chains of hydrocarbons (CH2)
• hydrophobic (non-polar)
• CHO
• saturated fats: have the Max amount of hydrogens a lipid can have. (Animal fats and solid at room temp)
• Unsaturated fats: Do Not have the max about of H a lipid can have. (Vegetables fats and oils at room temp)
• steroids: multiple rings of carbon atoms. Non polar rings and are very stable. The rings do NOT have an oxygen. If an oxygen is imbedded in the rings, it is a carb.
• ester bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

• Stabilizing the structure and form bonds between adjacent amino acid groups
• to bond with an electronegative Atom, the hydrogen must be connected to another electronegative atom.

Ionic bond

Between carboxyl's and amines to help stabilize structure

Van Der Waals (London dispersion)

Helps hold non-polar side chains together

Alpha helix

Spiral/coiled structure

Beta pleated sheet

H-bonding between adjacent parallel strands of protein

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. Monomers Must have a OH and a spare H that can bond

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Reverse of dehydration synthesis
Requires a lot of energy

Important electronegative elements

Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sulfur

hydroxyl group

-OH, alcohol, polar
Hydrogen bonds with water

carboxyl group

COOH
Acid and donates the hydrogen
(-PH)

sulfhydryl group

-SH
Stabilizes proteins
Disulfide bonds between Cysteine(sulfur containing amino acid)

Phosphate group

PO3 -2
Negative charge

Methyl

CH3
Affects DNA gene expression

Protein

• N-C-C chains are the back bones
• Peptide bonds connect the chains of backbones
• Chon (sometimes P)
• R group is always connected to the middle Carbon

Disulfide bridges

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer. (-S-S-)