Science

Physical Science

focuses on non-living systems and the fundamental laws of the universe

Physics

The study of matter, energy, motion, forces, and the fundamental laws of the universe

Chemistry

The study of composition, properties, and reactions of substances

Biological Science (Life Science)

deals with living organisms, their structure, function, growth, and interactions

Biology

The study of life, including cell function, genetics, evolution, ecosystems, and human biology

Zoology

For animals and their characteristics

Botany

Features of plants

Earth and Space Science

explores Earth’s systems and the broader cosmos

Geology

The study of earth’s structure, rocks, and processes like earthquakes and volcanoes

Meteorology

The study of the atmosphere and weather patterns

Astronomy

The study of celestial bodies and the universe

Oceanography

The study of oceans and marine environments

Applied Sciences (Integrative Branches)

These use scientific knowledge to solve real-world problems

Environmental Science

Combines biology, earth science, and social science to address environmental issues

Health Sciences

Focuses on human health, medicine, and disease prevention

Agricultural Science

Uses biology and chemistry to improve food production and sustainability

Engineering and Technology

Apply physical science ti design and innovate tools, structures, and systems

Scientific Inquiry

The process scientists use to explore the natural world

1. Ask a Question

2. Do Background Researcg

3. Form a Hypothesis

4. Conduct an Experiment

5. Analyze the Data

6. Draw Conclusions

7. Communicate Results

Steps of the Scientific Method

Curiosity

Starting point of discover. It motivates scientists, students, and innovators to observe the world and ask why and search for explanations

Objectivity

Making observations that are not based on personal opinions

Critical Thinking

Ability to analyze information logically, involves questioning, assumptions, identifying biases and solving problems thoughtfully

Open Mindedness

Willingness to listen to new ideas and being receptive to information, even if it challenges your current beliefs or opinions

Skepticism

Questioning information, and not accepting claims blindly without proof

Ethics

Set of principles or values that guide how people behave these are structured rules

Morals

Individual personal beliefs

Honesty

Being truthful, accurate, and transparent in your words, actions, and work.

1. Improves health and medicine

2. Advances technology and communication

3. Ensures safe and nutritious food

4. Protects the environment

5. Promotes critical thinking and problem solving

6. Supports economic development

7. Helps us understand natural phenomena

Why science is important in daily life

Cell

Basic unit of life and the smallest structure that can carry out all the processes needed for life

Structural Support

Cells form tissues, which build organs and systems (like muscles, bones, skin)

Energy Production

cells (especially in the mitochondria) converts nutrients into energy (ATP)

Growth and Repair

Cells divide to help the body grow and replace damaged or old cells

Transport of Materials

Some cells transport oxygen (like red blood cells) or nutrients throughout the body

Defense and Immunity

White blood cells protect the body from infections and foreign invaders

Communication

Cells send and receive signals (like nerve cells transmitting impulses)

Reproduction

Specialized cells (sperm and egg) are involved in human reproduction

Prokaryotic

Simple cells without a nucleus (Bacteria)

Eukaryotic

Complex cells with a nucleus and organelles (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell; provides protection and structure

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like fluid where chemical reactions take place;holds organelles

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis (makes proteins)

DNA (Genetic Material)

Carries genetic instructions for cell processes; contains the instructions needed for a cell to grow, function, reproduce, an

Nucleus

Contains DNA; controls cell activities (control center)

Mitochondria

Produces energy through cellular respiration (powerhouse of the cell)

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids

Lyposomes (mainly in animal cells)

breaks down waste and old cell parts (clean-up crew)

Vacuole

stores water, nutrients, or waste; large central vacuole in plant cells

Cytoskeleton

provides internal structure and support; helps with movement

• Cell Membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Ribosomes

• DNA

Cell parts common to all cells

• nucleus

• mitochondria

• endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• golgi apparatus

• lysosomes

• vacuole

• cytoskeleton

Parts found only in eukaryotic cells

• cell wall

• chloroplasts

found in plant cells only

cell wall

provides structure and protection; made of cellulose

Chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis; converts sunlight into food (glucose)

organ systems

group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body

Circulatory system

heart, blood, blood vessels

circulatory system

transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body

respiratory system

nose, trachea, lungs, bronchi

respiratory system

allows gas exchange; takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

digestive system

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes solid waste

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

nervous system

controls body activities, responds to stimuli, processes information

muscular system

skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle

muscular system

allows movement, maintains posture, and produces heat

Skeletal system

bones, joints, cartilage

skeletal system

supports the body, protects organs, enables movement, produces blood cells

Endocrine system

glands (e.g. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal) pancreas

endocrine system

produces hormones that regulate body functions like growth, metabolism, reproduction

Immune system

White blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

immune system

defends the body against pathogens (disease-causing organisms)

lymphatic system

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen

lymphatic system

returns leaked fluids to blood vessels, helps in immune defense

excretory (urinary) system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethrse

excretory (urinary) system

removes waste products from the blood and regulates water balance

reproductive system

male: testes, penis

female: ovaries, uterus, vagina

reproductive system

produces offspring; involved in reproduction and development of sexual characteristics

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

integumentary system

protect the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information

1. Understanding How the Body Works

2. Promotes Healthy LIving

3. Helps Identify Health Problems

4. Supports Medical Knowledge

5. Encourage Scientific Thinking

6. Connects to Everyday Life

Importance of Knowing Organ Systems