Community Health Nursing - Exam 2

aggregate

mass or grouping of distinct individuals who are considered as a whole and who are loosely associated with each other

maternal mortality

this is mostly due to:

• pregnancy/labor complications

• hypertensive disorders

• intervention omissions or incorrect treatment

• unsafe abortions

infant mortality

this is mostly preventable and due to:

• preterm birth

• birth asphyxia (oxygen deprivation)

• infection

increase

there has been an ________ in preterm births and low birth weights

2007

there has been a decline in birth rates since the year _____

lifestyle, sociodemographic, medical/obstetric history

risk factor categories affecting low birth weights and infant mortality

substance use and abuse during pregnancy

often associated with lack of prenatal care, high-risk sexual behaviors, HIV and other STI’s

causes an increase risk for preterm birth, low brith weight, miscarriage, placental abruption, developmental delays, child behavior, learning problems

can lead to neonatal abstinence syndrome

alcohol use during pregnancy

can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related brith defects, and alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorders

tobacco use during pregnancy

major risk factor during pregnancy, caused by use of e-cigarettes, vaping, and second-hand smoke

increases the risk of:

• SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

• acute respiratory infection

• ear disease

• asthma exacerbation

• poor lung growth

intimate partner violence

the risk for this increases during pregnancy

this can cause the mother to avoid prenatal care and experience suicidal ideation

can influence the child’s language/speech and overall neurological development

STI

not symptomatic

STD

symptomatic, confirmed disease

STIs/STDs

these can travel from a mother to her baby through the placenta, birth canal, or by breastfeeding

poverty during pregnancy

risk factors include:

• lack of health insurance

• less access to quality prenatal care services

• poorer nutrition

• more situational, psychological stressors

15

high risk factors for pregnant adolescents under age ____

preeclampsia/eclampsia

increased hypertension can lead to strokes or seizures which could kill baby

suffocation

leading cause of infant deaths

21%

poverty affects about ____ of children

3

poverty disproportionally affects black, hispanic, and native american children ___ times more

childhood cancer

what is the second leading cause of death in children ages 1 to 14 years old

emotional and suicidal problems

what is the second leading cause of death in 10 to 19 year olds

immunizations

these are federally and state mandated

communicable diseases

leading cause of health among adult men and women in 20th century

chronic illnesses

leading cause of death among adult men and women in 21st century

2015

life expectancy has increased consistently since…

leading causes of death for all ages

• heart disease

• cancer

• accidents

• chronic lower respiratory diseases (COPD)

• cerebrovascular diseases (strokes)

• alzheimer’s disease

• diabetes mellitus

• influenza and pneumonia

• kidney issues

• suicide

coronary heart disease and stroke risk factors

nonmodifiable: family history, genetics, older age, male

modifiable: high cholesterol, hypertension, tobacco use, inactivity, diabetes, obesity

lung cancer

which type of cancer causes the number one cancer deaths

colon/rectum cancer

which type of cancer is the third leading cancer causing deaths

unintentional injuries

number one cause of death in people ages 1-44 years old

motor vehicle crashes, poisoning, falls

top three unintentional injuries

diabetes

what disease increases risk for heart disease, stroke, hypertension, blindness, kidney disease, and nervous system disease

obesity

BMI > 30

feminist movement

• 1960s and 1970s

• promoted women’s health research and availability of birth control

1975

which year was the National Women’s Health Network created?

true

true or false

currently, chronic illnesses account for the most adult deaths in the US.

young adult women health issues

• eating disorders, reproductive health, SITs, physical activity, mental health and mood disorders, substance abuse

adult women health issues

• osteoporosis, heart disease, cancer, myalgic encephalomyelitis

• choices leading to chronic diseases, premature death

• experience menopause and may undergo hormone replacement theory

heart disease

number one killer in women

young adult men health issues

• HIV, testicular cancer

• health choices related to substance abuse, driving, gender identity, sexual activity and condom use

adult men health issues

• reproductive health (permanent birth control, erection problems), heart disease, prostate health (benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer)

breast

which type of cancer occurs most frequently in women?

white americans

life expectancy is the highest among this group

black americans

life expectancy is the lowest among this group

secondary prevention in older adults

• early detection of disease and prompt intervention

• routine screenings for hypertension, diabetes, and cancer

tertiary prevention for older adults

• focuses on curing abnormal conditions and the treatment and cure of those conditions

• follow-up and rehabilitation after a disease has occurred or been diagnosed

coordination, accessibility, promotion of quality programs

criteria for effective health services

30%, 2060

number and proportion of older adults living in American is projected to reach _____ of the population by _______

67

life expectancy at birth around the world is _____ years

respite care

this type of care is for caregivers of older adults or chronically ill adults

palliative care

• no time requirement/any stage of disease

• consists of comfort and symptom management

• does not provide a cure

• care focuses on relieving the burden of physical and emotional suffering, which often accompany illnesses associated with aging

• paid for by insurance

hospice care

• end of life care…patients are projected 6 months or less to live

• multidisciplinary approach to end-of-life care

• paid for by medicare, medicaid, and insurance

elder abuse

intentional actions that cause harm or create a serious risk of harm to a vulnerable elder by a caregiver or another person who stands in a trust relationship with the older adult

• ex. physical abuse, neglect, emotional or psychological abuse, verbal abuse/threats, financial abuse/exploitation, sexual abuse, abandonment

alcohol use

this contributes to the death of more than 3 million people each year

can of beer

12 fl oz, 5% alcohol

malt liquor

8-9 fl oz, 7% alcohol

table wine

5 fl oz, 12% alcohol

fortified wine

3-4 fl oz, 17% alcohol

cordial/liqueur/aperitif

2-3 fl oz, 24% alcohol

brandy or cognac

1.5 fl oz, 40% alcohol

shot

1.5 fl oz, 40% alcohol

homelessness

refers to those who lack a fixed, regular, adequate nightly residence…a car does not count as a residence