Developmental Psychology - Brain & Biological Development Lecture 4
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221 Terms
Genotype
The complete set of an organism's genes; the genetic material inherited from parents.
Phenotype
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Epigenetics
The modification of gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence, often influenced by environmental factors.
Chromosome
A DNA molecule containing the organism’s genetic material, typically arranged in 23 pairs in each human cell.
Gene
A segment of DNA that encodes for specific traits or products, like eye color.
Allele
Variants of a gene (e.g., coding for blue or brown eyes).
Transcription
The process of converting DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) as the first step of gene expression.
Translation
The process where mRNA is translated into proteins, which then manifest as the phenotype.
Methylation
A chemical process where methyl groups attach to DNA, influencing gene expression and potentially affecting transcription and gene activity.
Heritable
Traits influenced by heredity, meaning they can be passed down from parents to offspring.
Multifactorial
Traits that are affected by both genetic and environmental factors.
Behavior Genetics
The study concerned with how variations in behavior and development emerge from genetic and environmental influences.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
A technique used in molecular genetics to link specific DNA segments to particular traits or diseases.
Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)
A technique used to estimate genetic resemblance and heritability of complex traits in populations.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The primary molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
A polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
Dominant Allele
An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even if only one copy is present in the genotype.
Recessive Allele
An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect only when two copies are present in the genotype; its effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present.
Genotype
The complete set of an organism's genes; the genetic material inherited from parents.
Phenotype
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Epigenetics
The modification of gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence, often influenced by environmental factors.
Chromosome
A DNA molecule containing the organism’s genetic material, typically arranged in 23 pairs in each human cell.
Gene
A segment of DNA that encodes for specific traits or products, like eye color.
Allele
Variants of a gene (e.g., coding for blue or brown eyes).
Transcription
The process of converting DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) as the first step of gene expression.
Translation
The process where mRNA is translated into proteins, which then manifest as the phenotype.
Methylation
A chemical process where methyl groups attach to DNA, influencing gene expression and potentially affecting transcription and gene activity.
Heritable
Traits influenced by heredity, meaning they can be passed down from parents to offspring.
Multifactorial
Traits that are affected by both genetic and environmental factors.
Behavior Genetics
The study concerned with how variations in behavior and development emerge from genetic and environmental influences.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
A technique used in molecular genetics to link specific DNA segments to particular traits or diseases.
Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)
A technique used to estimate genetic resemblance and heritability of complex traits in populations.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The primary molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
A polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
Dominant Allele
An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even if only one copy is present in the genotype.
Recessive Allele
An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect only when two copies are present in the genotype; its effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
Nucleotide
The basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Double Helix
The twisted ladder-like structure of DNA, formed by two complementary strands of nucleotides.
Mutation
A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
mRNA (messenger RNA)
A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
tRNA (transfer RNA)
A type of RNA that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
A type of RNA that forms a critical part of ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
Transcription factors
Proteins that control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Genotype
The complete set of an organism's genes; the genetic material inherited from parents.
Phenotype
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Epigenetics
The modification of gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence, often influenced by environmental factors.
Chromosome
A DNA molecule containing the organism’s genetic material, typically arranged in 23 pairs in each human cell.
Gene
A segment of DNA that encodes for specific traits or products, like eye color.
Allele
Variants of a gene (e.g., coding for blue or brown eyes).
Transcription
The process of converting DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) as the first step of gene expression.
Translation
The process where mRNA is translated into proteins, which then manifest as the phenotype.
Methylation
A chemical process where methyl groups attach to DNA, influencing gene expression and potentially affecting transcription and gene activity.
Heritable
Traits influenced by heredity, meaning they can be passed down from parents to offspring.
Multifactorial
Traits that are affected by both genetic and environmental factors.
Behavior Genetics
The study concerned with how variations in behavior and development emerge from genetic and environmental influences.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
A technique used in molecular genetics to link specific DNA segments to particular traits or diseases.
Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)
A technique used to estimate genetic resemblance and heritability of complex traits in populations.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The primary molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
A polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
Dominant Allele
An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even if only one copy is present in the genotype.
Recessive Allele
An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect only when two copies are present in the genotype; its effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
Nucleotide
The basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Double Helix
The twisted ladder-like structure of DNA, formed by two complementary strands of nucleotides.
Mutation
A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
mRNA (messenger RNA)
A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
tRNA (transfer RNA)
A type of RNA that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
A type of RNA that forms a critical part of ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
Transcription factors
Proteins that control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Anticodon
The three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a complementary codon on an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis.
DNA Replication
The biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
Genetic Code
The set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.
Exon
A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.
Intron
A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.
Splicing
The process during gene expression when introns are removed and exons are joined together.
Gene Expression
The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, such as a protein or non-coding RNA.
Polymerase
An enzyme that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
The principle that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
Genotype
The complete set of an organism's genes; the genetic material inherited from parents.
Phenotype
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Epigenetics
The modification of gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence, often influenced by environmental factors.