Massage Therapy: A&P 1 Final

osteoclasts

bone destroying cells; help dissolve minerals (Ca, P); found on bone surface and leave small cavities

osteoblasts

bone forming cells; found on the surface of bone just below periosteum, fill cavities made by osteoclasts, triggered by estrogen and testosterone and decrease loss of bone

compact bone

forms the hard outer shell of a bone; consists of tightly packed cylinder shaped osteons; provides protection and support

osteons

have haversian canals which contain blood vessels and nerves

spongy bone (cancellous)

lighter less dense; consists of thin lattice (taburculae) arranged to provide maximum support; cavities filled with red marrow

long bones

longer than wide (femur)

short bones

small cube shape (tarsals, carpals)

flat bones

broad flat surface (sternum, scapula)

irregular bones

odd shaped ( vertebrae)

red bone marrow

makes red and white blood cells (hemopoesis)

*erythropoiesis = RBCs
*leukopoiesis = WBCs

yellow bone marrow

fat; most bone marrow converts to this as you age but can switch back in an emergency (flat bones make marrow throughout life)

metaphysis

contain the growth portion of the bone
*location of epiphyseal line/plate depending on age

ossification (osteogenesis)

process of bone development by osteoblast

*intermembranous - from membranes
*endochondral - from cartilage

joints

where bones come together

*except hyoid

synovial joints

joined indirectly by associating ligaments and a fibrous sealed capsule; contains synovial fluid; most common & mobile

*articulating surface covered in hyaline cartilage
*double layered capsule- fibrous strong outer, smooth innner that produces synovial fluid

menisci

fibrocartilage discs that help the joint move smoothly and absorbs shock

gliding joint

intercarpal/tarsal joints, AC/SC joints, vertebrocostal joints

hinge joint

elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal

pivot joint

atlas/axis, Prox radioulnar

ellipsoid joint

radiocarpal joint,

saddle joint

1st CMC joint

ball-and-socket joint

hip, shoulder

anatomy

study of structures of the human body and their positional relationship to one another

physiology

study of how the body and its structures parts function in normal body processes

cellular organization

provide functions that are vital to life and consist of muscle, bone, nervous cells

tissue organization

group of cells that have similar structure and perform specific functions

*epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

organ organization

composed of complex structures containing two or more types of tissues that perform specialized functions

organ system

group of related organs with complementary functions that arrange themselves into systems

organism

represents a living entity

cells

smallest structural and functional unit that can exist as a self-sustaining entity and are the building blocks of the human body

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

the "gatekeeper," membrane separating intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid; semi-permeable allowing for exchange of nutrients and waste

Cytoplasm (protoplasm)

gel-like intracellular fluid; location where most cellular activities such as metabolism and cell division occurs; provides cellular nutrition and supports organelles; portion not within organelle is called cytosol, portion within organelles is endoplasm

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

" cellular roadway;" network of curved sacs arranged in parallel rows found near the center of the cell; pieces of the ER break off and become parts of other organelles or the cell membrane unique to this organelle

Rough ER

spotted w/ ribosomes, synthesizes protein

Smooth ER

no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs and steroids, & regulates calcium concentration

Ribosomes

small granules of ribonucleic acid (RNA) some floating freely in the cytoplasm, "protein factory" for use in and outside of the cell

• Golgi body

series of separate horizontal membranous sacs that are stacked on top of each other, "packing and shipping" of synthesized lipids and proteins that are stored or shipped wrapped in a piece of the golgi body for intra or extra cellular use

• Mitochondria

"power plant;" oval organelles that look like partitioned sausages, two membranes: outer= flat and smooth, inner= folded numerous chambers called cristae; produces most of the cells energy (ATP)

• Lysosomes

membranous organelles that have broken off from golgi bodies, size depends on activity level- small when inactive, large with active, they are the "garbage disposals" breaking down proteins that are not needed as well as engulf and destroy pathogens by using digestive enzymes, also release enzymes at injury sites to remove cellular debris

• Centrioles

paired, tubular structures that help cells to divide, cells that do not have centrioles cannot divide such as mature RBCs, nerve, and muscle cells

• Nucleus

spherical shaped and often the largest organelle of the cell, contains clusters of DNA and RNA

o Passive (passive transport)

do not require energy or activity of the cell membrane; molecules move due to pressure, concentration, and temperature gradients, movements are dynamic and continue even after equilibrium is met
Diffusion- movement of molecules from high concentration to low

Diffusion

- movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis

movement of water across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration to equalize the fluid concentration on both sides of the membrane

Filtration

movement of water and molecules across a cell membrane due to pressure such as in the kidneys

Active (active transport)

require the cell to expend energy to help move the molecules across its membrane, this is for molecules that must move up the concentration gradient "uphill"

endocytosis

moves substances inside cell

phagosytosis

cell eating

pinosytosis

cell drinking

exocytosis

moves substances outside the cell, important in neurotransmission

Metabolism

the sum total of all physical and chemical processes that occur in a organism

Anabolism

constructive metabolism in which simple small molecules are made into larger more complex ones

Catabolism

destructive metabolism in which larger more complex molecules are broken down in to smaller simpler ones

Epithelial

covers internal and external structures such as skin and blood vessels and lines open and closed body cavities

Muscle

located in hollow internal organs and tubes and is attached to bone, functions for movement, posture, and heat

Connective

forms framework for organs and glands and for the body as a whole

Nervous

- located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves interprets sensory information and coordinates bodily processes

Homeostasis

the tendency of the body's internal environment to remain relatively constant with a narrow range of change

muscle functions

movement, posture, heat

muscle excitation

responsive to stimuli

muscle contraction

force generation

muscle extensibility

extend/ lengthen during force

muscle elasticity

returns to original length

sarcolemma

covering of muscle fiber, contains motor end plate

sarcoplasm

inter-cellular fluid

sarcoplasmic reticulum

system of interconnected hollow tubules (t-tubules) that play a crucial role in storing and releasing Ca ions

myofibrils

each muscle contains thousands of slender strands that run the length of each muscle fiber, each contains sarcomeres

sarcomere

basic unit of contraction, length from Z line to Z line contains myofilaments

myofilaments

thin- actin
thick- myosin
*striations

hypothalamus

gland in the bring that is the control center for all regulatory activities of the body

blood

8% of total body weight, 5L total volume in aver age adult, single blood cell makes a round trip in 60s, 55% liquid plasma and 45% blood cells

thrombocytes

platelets

erythrocytes

red blood cells (most numerous type); loose nucleus and other organelles as they emerge from bone marrow and enter bloodstream , lifespan of 105-120 days, hemoglobin gives characteristic red color

leukocytes

white blood cells, granular- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, agranular- monocytes and lymphocytes

AV valves (cuspid)

located between atria and ventricles

SL valves

located between ventricles and the aorta or pulmonary trunk

tricuspid valve (R-AV)

located between right atrium and right ventricle

bicuspid (mitral) valve

left AV valve located between left atrium and left ventricle

diastole

ventricles relax and fill

systole

ventricles contract and eject blood