Radiology- test 1

Who created the first xray and when?

Wilhelm Conrad roentgen Nov 8th 1895

Crooks

First xray tube

HC snook

Increased electricity

Coolidge tube

Hot cathode

Thomas Edison

Fluoroscopy

Clarence daily

First martry

George Eastman

Plastic film

Roentgen

Image of wife's hand

Procedure?

1 . Position anatomy

2. Aligns xray tube

3. Set exposure factors

4. Activates exposure switch

Production?

1. A vacuum

2. Electron source

3. Target for electrons

4. High potential diff between electron source and target

Radiation

Travels in straight lines

Affects biological tissues

can penetrate the body

Cannot be detected by human senses

X ray tube housing

Protective and supports

Collimator

Controls size of radiation field

light provides centering lines

Transformer and control console

Provides high voltage

In shielding control booth

Fluoroscopic equipment

Dynamic images

Allows radiologist to view and record

mA

Milliamperage , quantity

Quantity of electrons produced at the cathode
• Measure of the Current flow rate in the x-ray tube
• Impacts receptor exposure/ optical density

Time

Exposure time, secs, milliseconds

kVp

Kilovoltage, quality

SID

Source image distance, affects intensity of beam

-Size distortion magnification

Computed radiography(CR)

Image receptors

Requires reader

Cassette places into reader

Digital radiography (DR)

Special tables and upright devices

Built in radiation receptors

PACS

Hardware tech used to manage digital images

Receptor exposure optical density

Overall blackness of image

Image contrast

Differences in adjacent structures

Image detail sharpness

Size of pixels

Patient motion

Size and shape distortion

Variation in size and shape

Magnification size

-Foreshortens
-Elongates

Alara

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Law of Bergonie + Tribondeau

Age, metabolic rate, Mitotic rate, and differeniation

Ethincal Principles

Beneficence= Goodness

Non-maleficence= No evil

Veracity= Truth

Fidelity= Faithfulness

Justice= Fairness

Autonomy= Self determination

Informed consent

Understandable language, Authorization clause, Disclosure clause, Signature, Witness

Intential circumstances

Assalt, battery, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, defamation of character

Unintential circumstances

Malpractice, negligence, gross negligence, Contributory negligence

4 things you need to prove malpractice

1. Defendent had a duty to provide care to patient

2. Patient sustained some loss or injury

3. Defendent is responsible

4. The loss is attributable to negligence or improper practice

What two thins does the Joint commission require you to ask?

Name

Date of Birth

AIDET

Acknowledge

Introduce

Duration

Explanation

Thanks

If someone is in altered state of consciousness, what 2 things should you remember?

1. They cannot remember instructions

2. Not responsible for their actions

5 stages of grief

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

Bacteria

Single celled, Grow independent, no host, Can adapt and mutate, Endospores

Ex. TB, Strep throat, E. Coli

Viruses

Subcellular, Smallest, needs host, carry own DNA or RNA

ex. Flu, Hep B, Covid, Chicken Pox

Fungi

Macroscopic or Microscopic, 2 forms, single celled, molds (spore formation)

ex. Athletes foot, ringworm, respiratory infections

Prions vs Protozoa

Smallest + least understood Unicellular

No RNA/DNA Free Living

Resistance to body defense Form Cysts

Can multiply Live Between insect and human (ex. malaria

Chain of infection

Pathogenic organism

Resevoir infection:

-Moisture
–Nutrients
–Suitable temperature

Portal of exit

Mean of transmission

Portal of entry

Susceptiable host

REPEAT

Aquired Immunity

Long term, Develops antibodies

Vaccines, or catching the illness

Passive immunity

Short term, injection of antibodies

Mother to child ( breast feeding)

HAI

Health associated infection, nonsocmial infection, timeframe involved

-Sources : Urinary catheters, surgical wounds

ex. MRSA, VRE, C-DIFF

Medical Asepsis

Microdilation process, hand hygiene, Cleaning techniques, disinfection, isolation techniques

Surgical asepsis

Sterile environment, do not reach over, do not walk between kit and doctor, do not leave unattended

-Process of creating area completely free of pathogens

Methods of sterilization

Chemical, Convential gas, Gas plasma, Dry heat, autoclaving- steam under pressure, most used, quickest and most convenient

Supine

Prone

Lateral recumbent

Sims

Fowler

Semiflower

Trendenlenburg

Knee Chest

Lithotomy

Fomite

Containmented things, uninary catherer

Vectors

Bites

Vehicles

Food, water, anything you eat

Airborne

Droplets smaller than 5mm

Droplet containmenation

Droplets greater than 5mm

-Flu, covid, mumps, rubella

3 principles of radiation safety

Time, distance, shielding

Erthyema

Skin burn, radation burn

OSL

Optically stimulated luminescence

-badge to measure occupational exposure

GY (RAD)

Radation to tissue

Slevert (REM)

Occupational

Res ipsa loquitur

– the thing speaks for itself

Respondeat superior

– let the master respond

JRCERT

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT)

-Establishes educational standards/ accreditation for radiologic technology programs

RT (R)

Registered Technologist - Radiography

What combination of KVP, mA and time combination give the patient the lowest dose

High kvp, Low mA, low time

OID

Object to image distance

-Size distortion magnification

-more OID = more magnification

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs