WWI & Russian Revolution

Causes of the war

• econimic rivalry

• imperial rivalry

• militray

• nationalism

• alliances

economic rivalry

• Germany grew into an economic and military powerhouse

• Britain was threatened  by German growth

• Germany wanted more respect and feared competition with Russia

imperial rivalry

• Competition for colonies almost drove Britain and France to war in Morocco 

• Germany gains territory in Africa 

• It brings lots of Nationalism

military

• Supported by industrialization

• Rise of militarism (glorification of the military)

  • People wanted to go to war, lots of propaganda

• Competition

  • Nations wanted to build the strongest and best military/ navy

    • Britain had the best navy, Germany had the best army

nationalism

• France wanted the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine back after losing them in the Franco-Prussian war.

• Russia created Pan-Slavism 

  • Slavic people share a common nationality 

• Nationalism can be either uniting or dividing 

  • Examples: 

• Austria-Hungary ~ made up of many different groups that all wanted self-determination 

• Ottoman Empire ~Balkan states attacked Turkey and took a large area of land away

• Austria-Hungary was scared nationalism would start a rebellion 

• Ottoman Turkey felt threatened by other nations

triple alliance

• Who: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

• Turns into: Central Powers

triple entente

• Who:  Great Britain, France, and Russia

• Turns into Allies

US in the war

• economic ties

• cuktural and polictical ties

• german agreesion

Economic ties (US joins the war)

• Loans and war materials

Cultural and political ties (US joins the war)

• Shared languages and histories

• Constitutional liberalism 

German agression (US joins the war)

• Submarine attacks

  • German U-boats (submarines) sunk merchant ships carrying supplies to Britain. 

  • Sinking of the Lusitania

• Zimmerman Telegram Note

  • Germany to Mexico

    • Germany asks Mexico to join the war. Germany would help Mexico fight the US to get Texas back. The US received the telegraph 

total war

• Channeling all efforts and resources to war 

• Governments place all their resources into the war effort

• Propaganda influenced many

effects of total war

• Social, political, economic, and cultural lives of all the people at home

• Young men drafted (conscription)

• Citizens are the national army

• Victory gardens

• The government has a tighter control over the economy 

  • can tax people more 

  • Planned economy 

• Propaganda spread

• Censorship 

western front

• The Western Front is where the battles were first fought

• People didn't know how to use the new industrialized weapons

stalemate on the western front

• Trench Warfare

  • Zig zag trenches

  • Defence: barbed wires and machine guns

  • No man's land

  • Up and over tactic

what does the stalemate on the western front create

• War of attrition: both sides are trying to keep solider and weapon count up 

• People, food, clothes, weapons needed 

Women (during & after war)

• During: worked in industries, framing, nurses, manufacturing, made weapons and supplies

• After: Women have a sense of pride and confidence; their support in the war gave them the right to vote (suffrage)

Paris Peace Conference

• Allied Powers invited

  • Germany and Russia are not invited

    • Why no Russia: Russia is in its own revolution

• Discussed the fate of Europe

• Wilson wanted peace without victory and created the 14 points

• British wanted to build a postwar economy

• French wanted to weaken Germany 

Mandate System

• Created by France and Britain

  • Why: wanted to maintain power. If another colony is free and independent the french and British colonies would want to be free as well. 

• Influenced by social Darwinism, racism, and white supremacy 

• Overseen by the League of Nations in colonial territories

• German territories in Africa and the Pacific, today's Isreal and Iraq

Treaty of Versailles

• Forced Germany to take full responsibility for the war, which damages the German economy 

• Germany would have to pay for damages from the war and pensions for the millions of allied soldiers, widowers, and families.

• Limits the German army 

  • Led to the rise of Hitler

where does the russian revolution break out

St. Petersberg

Causes of russian revolution

• Effects of war

  • Underinsdutrialized

  • Rations, famines, inflation

  • Hundreds of People are dying in the war

• monarchy 

  • The monarchy has absolute power and makes horrible decisions for the people at home and at war. 

  • Rasputins influence on the royal family 

• Tsar abdicates, people still stay in war

Outcomes of russian revolution

• Lenin rises and establishes a communist state

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

  • Armistice Germany and Russia 

    • Gave Germany certain land to Russia

    • So Russia can pull out of the war

• Get Russians out of war (Americans join shortly after)

Russian Civil War-participants,

red and white army

red army

• Bolshevik Party, communists, and Lenin

  • War communism 

    • Control over the bank industry

    • Took grain from peasants

    • All resources go to the military

    • Cheka

  • Clear goal: communism 

  • Trotsky leadership: rigid, strict discipline with the threat of death

white army

• liberals, loyalists, and foreigners 

  • No clear goal

  • Divided goals and efforts caused instability within the army

  • No communism

Russian Civil War outcomes

• Red Army Wins

• Formation of USSR

  • Lenin gains all power

  • Russia becomes a one-party state

  • Command economy ( industry, agriculture, and workers controlled by the government)

  • Limited civil liberties

  • Secret police 

New Economic Policy (Lenin) 

• Allows some market forces and small businesses to be on the free market

• Large companies under a command economy

• Peasants had small plots of land and would freely sell their crop