Computer Hardware Parts & Functions

Vocabulary flashcards covering key internal computer hardware components and their functions.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Converts mains AC into low-voltage DC for all other computer parts and usually contains its own cooling fan.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

The computer’s primary storage device where most files, such as those on the Desktop, are saved.

Optical Disc Drive (ODD)

Device that reads from or writes data to optical media such as CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs.

Random Access Memory (RAM) Module

Temporary storage that holds data and instructions currently in use; made up of RAM chips.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The “brain” of the computer responsible for processing and manipulating data.

CPU Fan

Cooling fan that blows air across the heatsink to keep the CPU from overheating.

Heatsink

Metal component that conducts heat away from the CPU so it can be dissipated by the CPU fan.

System Fan

Case-mounted fan, typically on the side or back panel, that directs airflow through the system unit.

Motherboard

Main circuit board that connects and allows communication among all computer components.

Expansion Slot

Motherboard connector (e.g., PCI-Express, AGP, PCI) used to install expansion cards such as graphics or modem cards.

RAM Slot

Long motherboard connector where RAM modules are inserted.

Northbridge

Chipset component that manages data flow between the CPU, RAM, and graphics subsystem.

Southbridge

Chipset component that handles lower-speed functions like USB, audio, and storage controllers.

CMOS RAM

Small memory that stores BIOS settings including time, date, and passwords.

CMOS Battery

Coin-shaped battery (e.g., CR2032) that powers CMOS RAM so settings are kept when the computer is off.

Back Panel Ports

Connectors on the rear of the motherboard used to attach peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, and printer.

Front Panel Header

Group of pins on the motherboard that connect to case buttons, LEDs, front USB, and audio ports.

CPU Socket

Motherboard receptacle into which the CPU is installed.

20+4 Pin ATX Main Power Connector

Primary 20- or 24-pin connector that delivers main power from the PSU to the motherboard.

4-Pin ATX 12V Power Connector

Auxiliary connector that supplies additional 12-volt power from the PSU to the CPU area.

CPU Fan Header

Dedicated 3- or 4-pin motherboard connector that provides power and control signals to the CPU fan.