history-unit 4

what countries took the lead on exploration?

spain and portugal

motives for exploration:

new trade routes, gold and riches, adventure and glory, comp between nations, religion/evangelism

china/india

spice islands

maps

started with mediterranean (area) and expanded as explorers traveled

compass

magnetized needle pointing north

astrolabe, quadrant, cross-staff

more complex navigational istruments

caravel

ship with multiple masts, combination of square and triangular sails for power and maneuverability

prince henry the navigator

portugese “teacher” of exploration

bartholomeu dias

discovered the cape of good hope, portugese

vasco de gama

reached india in 1497, portugese (opened spice trade)

christopher columbus

sailed west to “new world” in 1942, spanish

ferdinand magellan

circumnavigation of earth 1519-1521, spanish

mercantilism is based on…

based on exporting more than importing, owning colonies, acquiring gold and silver

capatilism

promotes self interest, competition, and profit motive

treaty of tordesillas

divided new world between nations (spain and portugal)

slave trade

existed in africa before europe

middle passage

packed ships that went from africa to europe/america

triangular trade

slaves from africa to US, goods from europe to/from US

cultural diffusion

items of culture shared with new cultures

spatial diffusion

ideas and diseases spread throughout and area

columbian exchange

began with columbus, exchange of food, animal, people, and disease between new and old world

europe to new world:

people, diseases, technology, sugar, rice, wheat, horses, pigs, chickens, sheep, goats

new world to europe

chocolate, tomatoes, pumpkins, potatoes, gold, llamas, turkeys

causes of exploration:

scientific revolution, search for sea route to asia, europeans arrive in americas and encounter new plants and animals

effects of exploration:

natives die from disease, enslaved africas, columbian exchange, population migration europe→ americas

america before columbus

filled with native peoples (est 60 mill), some hunters some crop reliant

viking camps

abandoned and forgotten

mississippi cultures

caddoan mississippians, cole creak, oneote, south appalachain mississippians

musica

north south africa, covered their new leader in gold dust, then submerged them in a sacred lake

where were the aztecs?

new mexico→mexico city

triple alliance

alliance between three cities (tenochitlan, texcoco, tlacapan) which is the foundation of the aztec empire

aztec polytheistic beliefs

believed their empereos to be divine, believed their gods needed human sacrifice to stay strong

aztecs

clean city (tenochitlan) and language of pictographs

hernan cortes

spanish conquistador, conquered the aztecs, they originally viewed him as a god, and he married the daughter of one of the native chieftains

monte zuma

emperor of the aztecs

aztecs vs spanish

the spanish interupt a human sacrifice which offends the aztecs, they kick them out.This begins a war

disease and the aztecs

the spanish brought over new diseases that caused turmoil within the city and the downfall of the aztecs

inca empire

underdeveloped, south america (peru), no currency

pizzaro

spanish conquistador who fought the incas

spanish requirement of 1513

listen to spanish king, convert to christianity ect

inca vs spanish

the incas were wiped out by disease and war with pizzaro after their emperor would not convert

mercantilism

encouraged colonies to exist to economically support their mother country

enlightenment

time of change in philosophy and how people thought about the government

what did philosophers advocate for?

reason

basic principles of enlightenment

reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty

reason

truth based on logical reasoning

nature

good, natural laws of politics and economics

happiness

live by nature’s laws and you will find happiness

progress

beleived society and humankind could be perfected

liberty

believed society should be set free

old ideas

king and queen’s rule is justified by divine right (instated by God and answer only to Him)

new ideas

the governments power comes from the consent of the governed

Thomas Hobbes

lived during english civil war, wrote “leviathan”, belived that man is inherently selfish and aggressive and if left on its own would be ruled by chaos an d conflict, strong government

the social contract

a moral agreement of society

John Locke

lived during eng civil war, supported the individuals natural rights to life, liberty, and property, influenced the american revolution and french enlightenment thinkers

Jean Jacques Rousseau

french philosopher, believed that humans were good by nature but corrupted by society, and that civilization destroyed freedom and equality, was a fan of democracy

voltaire

wrote using a pen name, most brilliant enlightenment philosopher, frequently targeted clergy, aristocracy, and government, belived in freedom of religion and speech and tolerence “I may disapprove of what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Montesquieu

french aristocrat and lawyer, believed in division of government and challenged absolute monarchy, checks and balances, influenced US constitution

cesare beccaria

associated with law an punishments

women during enlightenment

enlightenment thinkers held traditional ideas about women

mary wollstonecraft

argued that women need education

Key ideas: locke

natural rights

Key ideas: montesquieu

seperation of powers

Key ideas: voltaire

freedom of thought and expression and religious freedom

Key ideas: wollstonecraft

women’s equality