what countries took the lead on exploration?
spain and portugal
motives for exploration:
new trade routes, gold and riches, adventure and glory, comp between nations, religion/evangelism
china/india
spice islands
maps
started with mediterranean (area) and expanded as explorers traveled
compass
magnetized needle pointing north
astrolabe, quadrant, cross-staff
more complex navigational istruments
caravel
ship with multiple masts, combination of square and triangular sails for power and maneuverability
prince henry the navigator
portugese “teacher” of exploration
bartholomeu dias
discovered the cape of good hope, portugese
vasco de gama
reached india in 1497, portugese (opened spice trade)
christopher columbus
sailed west to “new world” in 1942, spanish
ferdinand magellan
circumnavigation of earth 1519-1521, spanish
mercantilism is based on…
based on exporting more than importing, owning colonies, acquiring gold and silver
capatilism
promotes self interest, competition, and profit motive
treaty of tordesillas
divided new world between nations (spain and portugal)
slave trade
existed in africa before europe
middle passage
packed ships that went from africa to europe/america
triangular trade
slaves from africa to US, goods from europe to/from US
cultural diffusion
items of culture shared with new cultures
spatial diffusion
ideas and diseases spread throughout and area
columbian exchange
began with columbus, exchange of food, animal, people, and disease between new and old world
europe to new world:
people, diseases, technology, sugar, rice, wheat, horses, pigs, chickens, sheep, goats
new world to europe
chocolate, tomatoes, pumpkins, potatoes, gold, llamas, turkeys
causes of exploration:
scientific revolution, search for sea route to asia, europeans arrive in americas and encounter new plants and animals
effects of exploration:
natives die from disease, enslaved africas, columbian exchange, population migration europe→ americas
america before columbus
filled with native peoples (est 60 mill), some hunters some crop reliant
viking camps
abandoned and forgotten
mississippi cultures
caddoan mississippians, cole creak, oneote, south appalachain mississippians
musica
north south africa, covered their new leader in gold dust, then submerged them in a sacred lake
where were the aztecs?
new mexico→mexico city
triple alliance
alliance between three cities (tenochitlan, texcoco, tlacapan) which is the foundation of the aztec empire
aztec polytheistic beliefs
believed their empereos to be divine, believed their gods needed human sacrifice to stay strong
aztecs
clean city (tenochitlan) and language of pictographs
hernan cortes
spanish conquistador, conquered the aztecs, they originally viewed him as a god, and he married the daughter of one of the native chieftains
monte zuma
emperor of the aztecs
aztecs vs spanish
the spanish interupt a human sacrifice which offends the aztecs, they kick them out.This begins a war
disease and the aztecs
the spanish brought over new diseases that caused turmoil within the city and the downfall of the aztecs
inca empire
underdeveloped, south america (peru), no currency
pizzaro
spanish conquistador who fought the incas
spanish requirement of 1513
listen to spanish king, convert to christianity ect
inca vs spanish
the incas were wiped out by disease and war with pizzaro after their emperor would not convert
mercantilism
encouraged colonies to exist to economically support their mother country
enlightenment
time of change in philosophy and how people thought about the government
what did philosophers advocate for?
reason
basic principles of enlightenment
reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty
reason
truth based on logical reasoning
nature
good, natural laws of politics and economics
happiness
live by nature’s laws and you will find happiness
progress
beleived society and humankind could be perfected
liberty
believed society should be set free
old ideas
king and queen’s rule is justified by divine right (instated by God and answer only to Him)
new ideas
the governments power comes from the consent of the governed
Thomas Hobbes
lived during english civil war, wrote “leviathan”, belived that man is inherently selfish and aggressive and if left on its own would be ruled by chaos an d conflict, strong government
the social contract
a moral agreement of society
John Locke
lived during eng civil war, supported the individuals natural rights to life, liberty, and property, influenced the american revolution and french enlightenment thinkers
Jean Jacques Rousseau
french philosopher, believed that humans were good by nature but corrupted by society, and that civilization destroyed freedom and equality, was a fan of democracy
voltaire
wrote using a pen name, most brilliant enlightenment philosopher, frequently targeted clergy, aristocracy, and government, belived in freedom of religion and speech and tolerence “I may disapprove of what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Montesquieu
french aristocrat and lawyer, believed in division of government and challenged absolute monarchy, checks and balances, influenced US constitution
cesare beccaria
associated with law an punishments
women during enlightenment
enlightenment thinkers held traditional ideas about women
mary wollstonecraft
argued that women need education
Key ideas: locke
natural rights
Key ideas: montesquieu
seperation of powers
Key ideas: voltaire
freedom of thought and expression and religious freedom
Key ideas: wollstonecraft
women’s equality