Microbiology Final Exam

Antimicrobials

Anything you would take to fight off an infection. Either antivirals or antibiotics. Kills any type of microbe regardless the type.

MIC

the lowest amount of the drug that will be effective at stoping your infection.

Bactericidial

an enzyme that will kill the cell wall. Destroying bacteria.

Super infection

microbes once small in number being to overgrow and cause disease.

Pathogen

a disease causing organism. Capable of causing disease.

Opportunistic pathogens

something has to happen. Not so goos on causing infection on their own. They need your immune system to be weakened.

Endotoxin

A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

Secondary infection

occurs when a primary infection is complicated. If you didn't have the first infection, you would have never gotten the second infection.

Acute infection

comes and goes. Come on rapidly. Have short-lived effects.

Septicemia

microbes are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers.

Latency

A format state of an infectious agent.

Sequelae

long term or permanent damage to organs and tissues. The damage the disease left behind.

Reservoir

Native habit where they are when they aren't causing diseases. Where the organism is when its not making you sick.

Zoonosis

an infection indigenous to animals but also transmissible to humans. The closer you work with animals the more potential risk you have at getting sick by them.

Fomite

an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens. Like doorknobs, tables, pencils, etc.

Prevalence

the total number of cases.

Incidence

the new number of new cases

Mortality

the number of deaths.

Pandemic

spread of an epidemic across continents. Covid.

Endemic

the infectious disease over a long time period in a particular geographic locale.

Sterilization

the destruction of all microbial life. Highest level of control.

Disinfection

destroys most microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces.

Antisepsis

degermation; the same as disinfection but on living surfaces.

Decontamination

the mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface. Sanitization. Lowest level of control.

Denature

changes the shape of a protein.

Pateurization

heating. used to disinfect beverages.

Lyophilization

a combination of freezing and drying. Common method of preserving methods.

Non-specific defenses

doesn’t matter what is coming into your body. The lines of defense will defend against it.

Reticuloendothelial system (RES)

tissue cells with nuclei in them (like a egg). Lots of cells (in between). Interconnects cells and provides a passageway within and between tissues.

Calor

warmth. Warm at the site.

Tumor

Sweeping. Excess fluid.

Rubor

Redness. Turns red.

Dolor

Pain. How your body knows something is wrong.

Chemotaxis

The tendency of WBCs to migrate to a specific chemical stimulus. Chemicals that attract WBCs (chemical). Attract to what its going to eat.

Antigens (immunogens)

Enemy. Anything is an antigen if it doesn’t look like your cells. Something foreign; something coming from outside the body that your immune system is going to respond to.

Agglutination

cause clumping. Sticks to cells and then makes those cells stick to another (clumping)

Neutralization

block binding sites. Keeps it from being active

Genome

all the genetic material in a organism.

Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or an RNA.

Replication

makes DNA. Replicates entire genome. Each daughter molecule is identical to the parent.

Conjugation

sharing information. Form of genetic exchange between two cells.

Transcription

take DNA and use it to create RNA. Don’t need all of the DNA code but just 1 or a few genes (sections) at a time.

mRNA

it determines which amino acids will go in your protein and what order.

tRNA

carry the amino acids.

rRNA

take the amino acids and join them together so they can be further processed.

Translation

proteins make up many structures of the cell.

Operons

a cluster of genes that are transcribed together to give a single messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which therefore encodes multiple proteins.

Repressible operons

usually on, but we can turn it off.

Inducible operoons

turn it on, but it was off.

Mutation

existing DNA changes. Changing existing information.

Macronutrients

nutrients that people regularly require in large quantities to provide their body with energy to perform bodily functions and daily activities. C,O,H,N,P,S

Micronutrietns

those nutrients needed in small amounts or opposed to macronutrients required in large amounts

Autotroph

self feeders use carbon dioxide.

Heterotroph

other feeders use organic carbon.

Phototroph

use light. microbes that photosynthesize.

Aerobic

respiration - with oxygen.

Saprobes

septic type of decomposers. Most sap robes have a rigid cell wall and cannot engulf large particles of food. Release enzymes into the environment to digest food into smaller particles that can be transported into the cell.

Diffusion

the movement of molecules in a gradient from an area of higher density or concentration to an area of lower density or concentration.

Osmosis

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Psychrophile

organics that grow slowly in the cold, but have an optimum temperature between 15 and 30.

Facultative anaerobe

an adobe that does not require oxygen for its metabolism. Capable of growth in the absence of oxygen.

Anaerobe

germs that can survive and grow where there is no oxygen.

Halophiles

require high concentration of salt for growth (9 to 25%)

Mutualsim

exists when organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship. Need 1 another, but both better off because of it.

Lag phase

flat period on the graph when the population appears not be growing. Best time to kill bacteria.

Log phase

period during which the growth curve increases geometrically. Easiest time to kill bacteria.

Capsid

protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid. Protect genetic material.

Reverse trancriptase

synthesizes DNA from RNA.

Endocytosis

entire virus us engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle. (Naked or developed). Your cells will completely engulf the virus.

Oncogenic viruses

experts estimate that up 13% of humans cancers are caused by viruses.

Bacteriophage

parasitize every known bacterial species. Often make the bacteria they infect more pathogenic for humans. Which causes more damage.

Plaques

Holes. Clear well defined patches in the cell sheet. Develops when viruses released from an infected cell radiate out to surrounding cells and infect them.

Prions

infectious piece of protein. Distinct protein fibrils deposited in brain tissue of affected animals.

Mycosis

fungal infection.

Hyphae

long, thread like cells found in filaments fungi or molds. Mold cell structure, some asexual and some sexual.

Dimorphic

some fungi can take either form. Changes shapeP

Parasites

live on the bodies oof living animals or plants.

Sporangiospores

spore with a sac. Formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium.

Conidospores

free spores not enclosed by a spore - bearing sac. No sac.

Algae

have chloroplasts, but nobody else has that.

Trophozoite

motile feeding stage. Actively feed.

Cyst

dormant resting state. Formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding. Important factor in spread of disease.

Peptioglycan

very strong but flexible outer layer.

Colonies

piled up group of cells that all started with the same parent.

Coccus

general shape of bacteria that is spheres, oval, bean shaped, pointed.

Bacillus

general shape of bacteria that is cylindrical, filaments, club shaped

Spirochete

general shape of bacteria that is a flexible helix.

Diplococci

cocci in end to end Pairs. Or side to side pairs.

Palisade

bacteria side to side like soldiers.

Strep

bacteria in chains

Staph

bacteria in irregular clusters

Gram postive

thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

Gram negative

thin cell wall

Plasmids

nonessential pieces of DNA. not essential but helps the bacteria survive. Plasmids is shared through conjunction.

Endospores

withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival.

Aseptic technique

measure must be take to prevent introduction of non sterile materials such as room air and fingers, into the media. Means we are preventing contamination

Enriched media

contains organic substances (blood, serum, hemoglobin, or special growth factors) that fastidious (organisms that require complex growth factors) bacteria require for growth.

Pure culture

single species of microbe that originates from one parent cell (genetically identical).

Mixed culture

a container that holds two or more identified, easily differentiated species of microorganisms. Has two or more identified species.

Simple stains

require a single dye. Just use 1 color and everything looks the same.