BIOL1202- Chapter 19 Crossword

human immunodeficiency virus

the infectious agent that causes AIDS. ___ is a retrovirus (3 words)

pandemic

a global epidemic

virus

an infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some _______, a membranous envelope

prion

an infectious agent that is a misfolded version of a normal cellular protein. ____ appear to increase in number by converting correctly folded versions of the protein to more ______.

phage

a virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacterio_____

virulent phage

a phage that replicates only by the lytic cycle (2 words)

prophase

the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle beings to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact

epidemic

a widespread outbreak of a disease

temperate phage

a phage that is capable of replicating by either lytic or lysogenic cycle (2 words)

bacteriophage

a virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage

restriction enzyme

an endonuclease (type of enzyme) that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium (such as phage genomes). the enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites) (2 words)

viral envelope

a membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome (2 words)

reverse transcriptase

an enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis (2 words)

capsid

the protein shell that encloses a viral genome. it may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape

host range

the limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus (2 words)

vaccine

a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

lysogenic cycle

a type of phage replicative cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage, is replicated along with the chromosome, and does not kill the host (2 words)

lytic cycle

a type of phage replicative cylce resulting in the relase of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell (2 words)

endemic

referring to a species that is confined to a specific geographical area

retrovirus

an RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA an then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer causing viruses

provirus

a viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome