APUSH Important Terms

Reconquista

(1607-1763) Spanish push out Muslim Moors to unite the country under Ferdinand and Isabella

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1607-1763) Spain and Portugal draw a line dividing up the New World

Black Legend

(1607-1763) Spanish were the worst of the Europeans due to their need to convert the Natives to Christianity and aggressiveness

Bartolome de las Casas

(1607-1763) priest who criticized the harsh Spanish treatment of the natives

Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion)

(1607-1763) Natives strike back against the Spanish due to them restricting their culture (keeps the Spanish out for 10 years)

French colonizers

(1607-1763) Settled in Quebec, usually fur traders hunting beavers, worked WITH native americans

Virginia

(1607-1763) Started by the Virginia Company, investors finance venture but expect profits to be returned

Jamestown

(1607-1763) a disease-ridden “colony” that was built near a swamp, led to starving time

John Smith

(1607-1763) Work or don’t eat!

Tobacco

(1607-1763) Plant introduced to the New World by John Rolfe; popular in Europe and in high demand

House of Burgesses

(1607-1763) First representative gov. in America; maintained order and justice in Jamestown

Indentured Servants

(1607-1763) people who pay for passage to the New World in exchange for several years of service.

Bacon’s Rebellion

(1607-1763) Indentured Servants rebel against planter class after seeing that the good land was taken after they were freed from service.

Maryland

(1607-1763) refuge for Catholics; founded by Lord Baltimore

Act of Toleration

(1607-1763) passed to protect Catholics who were being outnumbered by Protestants in Maryland

South Carolina

(1607-1763) majority slave population; main crop was rice; Barbados slave code

Georgia

(1607-1763) created by James Oglethrope; haven for people in debtors’ prison

Triangle Trade

(1607-1763) trade between Europe (manufactured goods) to Africa (slaves) to the New World (raw materials)

Transatlantic Slave Trade

(1607-1763) begun primarily by the Portugese and then joined by other European states; 11-20 million Africans transported to New World

Middle Passage

(1607-1763) leg from Africa to America where slaves were transported; harsh and crowded conditions

West Indies

(1607-1763) Sugar primary crop; requires many slaves

Middle English Colonies

(1607-1763) Most diverse; breadbasket Colonies

Pennsylvania

(1607-1763) Middle colony; refuge for Quakers (believed anyone could be saved spiritually)

New England Colonies

(1607-1763) poor soil; shipbuilding, fish, lumber; religion is important

Plymouth (Massachusetts)

(1607-1763) settled by Pilgrims (seperatists)

Puritans

(1607-1763) Massachusetts Bay Colony; frustrated with the English church but didn’t want to separate, believed in predestination (its already been decided if you’re going to hell or heaven)

Pequot War

(1607-1763) English colonists massacre natives at the Mystic River in Conneticut; Pequots and English both wanted control of the fur trade

King Phillip’s War

(1607-1763) colonists want more land; natives attack villages along the frontier

Rhode Island

(1607-1763) freedom of religion; Roger Williams

Fundamental Orders of Conneticut

(1607-1763) First example of a constitution in the New World

Half-way covenant

(1607-1763) partial membership in church due to declining church membership

Mercantalism

(1607-1763) colonies exist to make profit for the mother country

Navigation Laws

(1607-1763) colonial products transported on English ships

colonial products ONLY traded to England

imported foreign goods have to pay duties (taxes)

Salutary Neglect

(1607-1763) Great Britain turns a blind eye to colonies’ smuggling and disobedience from the Navigation Laws

Stono Rebellion

(1607-1763) slaves try to escape to Spanish Florida; fails and South Carolina passes harsher slave laws

1st Great Awakening

(1607-1763) spiritual revival intended to “awaken” people to take religion more seriously; focus on spiritual rebirth and emotions

French and Indian War

(1763-1800) Overlapping claims by the French, the British, and the Spanish created fierce competition between the three European nations

Albany Plan

(1763-1800) discussion over whether Irroquois would remain loyal to UK

Ben Franklin’s “Join or Die!”

(1763-1800) early call to colonial unity during the French and Indian War

Pontiac’s Rebellion

(1763-1800) tribes united in the Ohio valley under leader Pontiac and attacked the UK/America

Proclamation of 1763

(1763-1800) prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains due to fear of increasing war debts

Paxton Boys

(1763-1800) vigilante group murders nearby natives that were actually assimilated into society.

Boston Massacre

(1763-1800) colonists being mad at unfair taxes results in violence from British soldiers

Committees of Correspondence

(1763-1800) organize resistance and spread propaganda; coordinate resistance to British imperial policy

Intolerable Acts

(1763-1800) closed the Boston Port and Quebec Act to get Bostonians to follow the law; punishment for Boston Tea Party

First Continental Congress

(1763-1800) grievances sent to the king; boycott on British goods announced

2nd Continental Congress

(1763-1800) makes decisions about the war effort; issues Olive Branch Petition (last chance for peace with UK)

Loyalists/Tories

(1763-1800) colonists who were loyal to British

Whigs

(1763-1800) those within UK who were more liberal and open to freedoms for the colonists; rebellious

Hessians

(1763-1800) German mercenaries hired by the British

Valley Forge

(1763-1800) where the Americans were starving in the cold winter

Battle of Saratoga

(1763-1800) convinces France to join on the side of the Patriots; turns the war around

Treaty of Paris

(1763-1800) ends the Revolutionary War

Critical Period

(1763-1800) The time the USA first established itself

Republican Motherhood

(1763-1800) women’s responsibility to raise virtuous children who would continue the legacy of Republican values

Articles of Confederation

(1763-1800) 1st government of the U.S; weak central gov

Weaknesses of the AoC

(1763-1800) Can’t tax

Can’t regulate commerce

No executive branch

Equal rep in Congress despite population larger in bigger states

2/3 majority needed to pass legislation, all 13 states needed to agree to pass Amendments

States had all of the power

Land Ordinance of 1785

(1763-1800) sale of public lands would be used to pay off national debts; conducted by AoC

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

(1763-1800) Forbade slavery in the US

Shays’ Rebellion

(1763-1800) leads rebellion of farmers against the government; AoC so weak it can’t put the rebellion down

Constitutional Convention

(1763-1800) Revise the AoC; decides to scrap and start it over, wants to create a representative democracy

Republicanism

(1763-1800) emphasized liberty, rights, rejected inherited power

Federalism

(1763-1800) balance between national & state governments

Legislative Branch

(1763-1800) creates laws (Congress)

Executive Branch

(1763-1800) enforces the laws

Judicial Branch

(1763-1800) interprets the law (Supreme Court)

Great Compromise

(1763-1800) Creates the HoR and Senate (where HoR’s representation based on population, Senate 2 per state)

3/5 Compromise

(1763-1800) slaves counted as 3/5 of a person (advantage south states in HoR)

Anti-Federalists

(1763-1800) anti-Constitution; feared too much power in gov, wants Bill of Rights

Federalists

(1763-1800) for the Constitution

Federalist Papers

(1763-1800) written by John Jay, Hamilton, and Madison; reasons why the Constitution should be ratified

Hamilton’s beliefs

(1763-1800) national debt is GOOD; national gov should assume states’ debts

Bank of the United States

(1763-1800) helped fund the public debt left from the American Revolution, facilitated the issuance of a stable national currency, and provided a convenient means of exchange for all the people of the United States.

Strict interpretation of Constitution

(1763-1800) federal gov only has powers EXPLICITLY stated in the constitution.

loose interpretation of Constitution

(1763-1800) IMPLIED that federal gov can do certain things, even if the Constitution doesn’t say it specifically

Whiskey Rebellion

(1763-1800) farmers rebel against whiskey tax; put down by new, stronger gov made at the Constitutional Convention

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

(1763-1800) America is too weak to pick a side in international conflicts, such as conflicts between French and British

Genet Affair

(1763-1800) Frenchman tried to raise an army in America to supports France; it failed!

Jay’s Treaty

(1763-1800) gave the British what it wanted to relieve post-war tension from UK and US

XYZ Affair

(1763-1800) Frenchmen demand bribes from American officials

Quasi War

(1763-1800) a psuedo, undeclared war with France (fought on the seas)

Alien Act

(1763-1800) federal gov has more power to deport immigrants and raised citizenship from 5 to 14 years.

Sedition Act

(1763-1800) fines or imprisonment for anyone speeaking bad about the gov

Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions

(1763-1800) nulllified the Alien and Sedition Act for being unconstitutional; causes conflict between state vs federal power

Marbury vs Madison

(1763-1800) Supreme Court declares constitutionality of the law; establishes judicial review

Embargo Act

(1763-1800) Jefferson doesn’t allow America to trade with either England or France during their international conflicts.

War of 1812

(1763-1800) caused by impressment, disagreement over trade, westward expansion, and Native American policy

Impressment

(1763-1800) British force American sailors to serve in their navy

Chesapeake incident

(1763-1800) British attacked the Chesapeake. tocapture deserters

New Englanders’ Opinion on War of 1812

(1763-1800) Against it due to the impact it would have on overseas trade, a big part of their economy

Hartford Convention

(1763-1800) New England Federalists oppose the war because it hurt trade; threatened to nullify laws

Panic of 1819

(1763-1800) downturn in economy due to banks giving out too much money

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1763-1800) US got Florida and gave up claims in TX to Spain

Monroe Doctrine

(1763-1800) European powers should no longer try to colonize or interfere in the Western hemisphere

Missouri Compromise

(1763-1800) Missouri enters US as slave state, Maine enters as a free statee, forbade slavery above the line 36 30 within the Louisiana Purchase

McCulloch v Maryland

(1763-1800) Maryland tried to tax the Bank of the US; stated unconstitutional

Gibbons vs Ogden

(1763-1800) monopoly on shipping between NY and NJ given to Ogdenl gibbons attempted to run a competing shipping line

Election of 1824

(1763-1800) Clay, the speaker of the house, arranges for Adams to win, a scandal as people believe that Jackson should’ve won.

Era of the Common Man

more people could vote as state property requirements were dropped

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina threatened to nullify, or cancel, the tariff of abominations. Calhoun actually supports it!