Unit 6 - Language and Perceptual Disorders

Alexia

A disorder in comprehension of written language

Agraphia

A disorder in the ability to write

Aphasia

A disorder in spoken language

Wernicke’s aphasia

Impairment of language comprehension

Paraphasia

The use of unintended words or phrases

Broca’s Aphasia

Difficulty expressing oneself using language

Conduction aphasia

Occurs when there is damage to the neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

Dysarthria

Lacks motor control of speech muscles

Global Aphasia

The inability to use language in any form

Flat affect

Lack of emotional facial expressions and gestures

Body schema

A mental representation of how the body is anatomically arranged

Neglect

tendency to behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist

Hemi-inattention

Failure to direct attention/awareness to one’s own body parts

Anosognosia

Individuals deny their inability to use their paretic limbs

Dressing apraxia

difficulty with dressing due to an inability to correctly orient clothing to the body

Construction Apraxia

difficulty with drawing, building, and assembling objects

Left hemisphere

specializes in understanding and producing language, including speech and writing

Right hemisphere

Specializes in understanding space, organizing movements relative to spatial orientation, navigating, and understanding and producing nonverbal communication

temporoparietal association area

Specialized for understanding communication, directing attention, and comprehending space

temporoparietal cortex

Lesions in this area can cause inability to handle new information effectively, difficulty with concrete thinking, difficulty generalizing information, personal and spatial neglect, inability to navigate, tendency to become upset with even minor changes in routine

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Lesions affecting the temporoparietal cortex in the left hemisphere result in

Wernicke’s Area

Language comprehension occurs in

Broca’s area

Which area provides instructions for language output?

Primary auditory cortex, secondary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, Subcortical connections, Broca’s area, oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex

Describe the pathway of language from processing to production

Wernicke’s Aphasia

People with what kind of aphasia easily produce spoken sounds, but the output is meaningless?

Wernicke’s aphasia

People with what kind of aphasia have alexia and paraphasia

Broca’s aphasia

People with what kind of aphasia may not produce any language output, or they may be able to generate habitual phrases

Broca’s aphasia

People with what kind of aphasia are usually aware of their language difficulties and are frustrated?

Global aphasia

This type of aphasia is usually secondary to a large lesion damaging most of the lateral left cerebrum

nonverbal communication

Gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, and posture convey meanings in addition to a verbal message are referred to as?

right hemisphere inferior frontal gyrus

What area provides instructions for producing nonverbal communication, including emotional gestures and intonation of speech

right temporoparietal junction

Lesions in what area can cause difficulty understanding nonverbal communication?

right inferior frontal gyrus

Damage to which area may cause the person to speak in a monotone, to be unable to effectively communicate nonverbally, and to lack emotional facial expressions and gestures

perception

The interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms is referred to as

perception

an active process, requiring interaction among the brain, body and environment

visual, body schema, language, motor planning, tactile, auditory

What are the different classifications of perception (6)

perceptual impairment

What type of impairment typically involves dysfunction to the right hemisphere (right posterior multimodal association area)

physical reality

Disorders in the right hemisphere involve an impairment in the recognition of

body schema dysfunction

Which type of perceptual impairment is characterized by unilateral neglect, finger agnosia, anosognosia, and double simultaneous extinction

visual perceptual dysfunction

Which type of perceptual impairment is characterized by visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, simultanagnosia, metamorphosia, color agnosia, color anomia, and cerebral achromatopsia

visual spatial dysfunction

Which type of perceptual impairment is characterized by right-left discrimination, figure ground, form constancy, position in space, topographical disorientation, and depth perception

language perception dysfunction

Which type of perceptual impairment is characterized by receptive aphasia and expressive aphasia

perceptual motor dysfunction

Which type of perceptual impairment is characterized by ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia, and dressing apraxia

tactile perceptual dysfunction

Which type of perceptual impairment is characterized by cortical sensation agnosia, and tactile agnosia

auditory perceptual dysfunction

Which type of perceptual impairment is characterized by auditory agnosia

right temporoparietal association area

What area determines the behavioral importance of stimuli and decides focus of attention

right parietal lobe spatial coordinate system

What area is essential for constructing an image of one’s own body and for planning movements

the body, the body in relationship to its surroundings, and the external world

The right hemisphere parietal association cortex comprehends spatial relationships, providing schemas of the following:

Neglect

What usually affects the left side of the body and the left side of space; and may be misinterpreted by others as confusion or lack of cooperation

anosognosia

a form of denial that occurs in some people with severe hemiparesis and personal neglect

awareness of sensory stimuli, personal hygiene and grooming, movement of the limbs

Aspects of personal neglect include unilateral lack of:

personal neglect

Results from failure to direct attention and is also called “semi-attention”

spatial neglect

Characterized by lack of understanding spatial relationships, results in a deranged internal representation of space

navigation, construction and dressing

manifestations of spatial neglect include problems with:

in the left inferior gyrus of the frontal lobe

Where is Broca’s area located?

left

Which hemisphere tends to process information in a linear sequence, as in following a conversation or solving an arithmetic problem

right

Which hemisphere tends to process information in a holistic, pictorial manner, as in recognizing faces

right anterior insula

In people with anosognosia, the lesion is often in which area (that is devoted to representation of self and distinguishing between self and others)