Anatomy and Physiology (respiratory system)

What is Respiration?

Entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere

Ventilation

breathing

External Respiration

gas exchange between blood and air in the lungs

Internal Respiration

gas exchange between blood and the cell of the body

Circulation

gas transport in blodd between the lungs and the body cells

Cellular Respiration

oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is produced by the cell

List the Two Divions of the Respiratory System

Upper- nose , Nasal Cavity, Sinuses , and pharynx

Lower- trachea , bronchial tree , and lungs

What composes the nose?

cartilage and bone

What is the function of the internal hairs in the nose?

get the large particles

What is the nasal cavity

hollow space behind the nose , has mucus membrane

List 3 things the nasal cavity does for air?

warms air , moistens air , mucus membrane traps dust and small particles

The _____ Pushes mucus and particles to the pharynx

Cillia

The nasal septum divides the nose into

left and right half

Explain a deviated septum

bent to one side

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Air filled spaces , reduces the weight of skull , Affect the quality of the voice

List 4 Sinuses

Maxillary , Frontal , Ethmoid , Sphenoid

What are the 2 Functions of the Sinuses?

reduces weight skull , Affect the quality of the skull

Another name for the pharynx is the _____

Throat

_____ and _____ passes through the pharynx

air and food

The larynx conducts air in and out of the _______

trachea

The larynx contains the ______

Vocal Cords

What is the Adams Apple ?

Cartilage in the larynx

How do the vocal cords produce sound?

Air is forced between the vocal cords and cause them to vibrate from side to side

How does a person control the pitch of their voice?

Contracting and relaxes muscular alter tension on the vocal cords

Define Glottis

triangular slit between the vocal cords

What is the epiglottis and what is its functions?

flap like structure that covers the trachea when swallowing

Another name for the windpipe is the _____

Trachea

What is the trachea made out of ?

made up of 20 C shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

The first branch off of the trachea is the ______

primary bronchi

Trace the air through the respiratory system

trachea , primary , bronchioles , ducts , sacs , aveoli

How does carbon dixoide/oxygen exchange take place?

Carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood through the alveoli wall

How many alveoli does the average person have ?

300 million

What are the lungs and were are they located?

soft spungy , cone shaped organ. Located in the thoracic cavity

Visceral Pleura

Attaches to each lung surface

Parietal Pleura

Lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity

What is the Pleural Cavity?

Potential space between them

Contrast the right lung to the left lung

larger 3 lobes (right) 2 lobes (left)

Inspiration

inhalation , diaphragm flattens, external intercostal; move the ribs up and out

Expiration

exhalation , diaphragm domes , internal intercostal; in and out

The _____ _______ aid in inhaling and exhaling

Abdominal Muscles

What is atmospheric pressure?

Weight of air , 760 mm

The _______ is a dome shaped muscle that helps in breathing

Diaphragm

Define surfactant

lipoprotein that reduces the alveoli tendency to collapse

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Premature babies

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

ARDS , Impairment or removal of suffactant- accident inhalation of foreign substances

What is a Pneumothorax?

air gets into the pleural cavity

What is emphysema and what causes it?

progressive, degenerative disease in which aveoli ruptures

____________ arise in the lungs

Primary Pulmonary

What is the cause of most lung cancers?

Smoking , 2nd hand smoke

List and Discribe three statments of lungs cancer

surger , radiation , chemotherpy

A device used to measure the amount of air exchanged in breathing is a ______

Spirometer

How much is the average amount of air exchanged in breathing?

1 pint

What does a respiratory cycle include?

one inspiration and one expiration

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Can be inhaled during forces breathing in addition to tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Can be exhaled during forced breathing in additonal tidal volume

Residual Volume

air that remains in the lungs after foreful exhale

Vital Capacity

Inspiratory reserved volume+tidal volume+expiratory reserved volume

Inspiratory Capacity

tidal volume+inspiratory reserve volume

Functional Residual Capacity

expiratory volume reserve+residual volume

Total Lung Capacity

Vital capacity+residual volume

What is the average breaths/minute in an adult?

12/18 breaths a min

A normal respiratory rate is known as ______

eupnea

Hyperventilation

rapid deep breathing

Hypoventilation

slow shallow breathing

Dyspnea

labored or difficult breathing and is often associated with hypoventilation

Orthopnea

Dyspnea that is relieved by moving into an upright or sitting position

Apnea

when breathing stops completely for a brief period of time

Cheyne-Stroke Respiration

series of cycles of alternating apnea and hyperventilation

Respiratory Arrest

Failure to resume breathing after a brief period

An inflammation of the sinus cavity lining is

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the pleural membrane is

pleurisy

Acute bronchitis

a cute inflammation of the bronchea- infection

Pneumonia

a cute inflammmation of the lungs in which the alveoli and bronchea becomes plugged wwith thick fluid mucus

What are tubercles?

protective capsule teh body forms around the colonies of TB

List the 3 and Describe the COPDS

Chronic Bronchitis- chronic inflammation of the bronchi, excessive mucus production , which blocks the air passage

Asthmea- an obstructive disorder characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchial air passage, difficult breathing, stress, heavy exercise, infection.