Introduction to Organ Systems - BPK 326

bony markings and formation

1. marking appears on bones where tendons, ligaments and fascia attach

2. other formations relate to joints, creates a passage of tendons

3. provision of increased leverage for movement

tuberosity - below are muscle and ligament attachment

large rounded projection, maybe rounded

crest

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

trochanter

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only on femurs)

line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

tubercle

small rounded projection or process

epicondyle

raised area on or above a condyle

spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

process

any bony prominence

head - below are projections to help form joints

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

condyle

rounded articular projection

ramus

armlike bar of bone

meatus - depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass

canal-like passageway

sinus

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

groove

furrow, formed by a blood vessel against the bone in development

fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

endochondral ossification

how bones develop from hyaline cartilage

- replacement of cartilage with bone

- ongoing from 6 weeks to 25 years (faster as a child)

- cartilage is avascular and degenerates as bone formation progresses (growth outpaces the ability of cartilage to get oxygen)

joint classifications

synarthrosis (immoveable) and fibrous

amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable) and cartilaginous

diarthrosis (freely moveable) and synovial

fibrous joints

1. sutures in the skull - connected by dense, short fibres

2. syndesmoses - permit more movement than sutures (movement is based on length of fibres)

ex. antebrachial interosseous membrane

3. gomphoses - occurs between teeth and their sockets (tethers tooth in socket by connective tissue - periodontal ligament)

types of amphiarthroses

primary / temporary - cartilage is replaced by bone during development, producing synostosis (cartilage is replaced by bone)

synchondroses - bones are united by hyaline cartilage (ex. epiphyseal plate)

secondary / permanent - cartilaginous joint persists through adult life, permitting some movement throughout adulthood

symphyses - bones are united by fibrocartilage (collagen fibres resists tension / pulling apart) (ex. intervertebral disc)

diarhtrose / synovial joints

classified by shape of articulating surfaces and types of movement they permit

- specialized for mobility and enclosed by a joint capsule

fibrous capsule - enclosed the whole joint

synovial membrane - secretes synovial fluid

arthroscopy

minimally invasive surgical procedure to replace a joint

- arthroscope is a camera used to view the inside of the joint

origin

does not move during contraction

- proximal attachment

insertion

moves towards the origin during contraction

- distal attachment

where do muscle injuries occur?

at myotendious junction / complex

- muscle damage is bright spots on imaging

- connective tendon tissue creates a spot of vulnerability due to structural mismatch

sprain - damage to ligament

strain - muscular / tendinous damage

hamstrings example

hamstrings are vulnerable due to long length of muscle tendon junction

- 40% of non-contact sport injury

- don't heal well after injury

- brakes = eccentric contraction at maximal length

- hurdle jumpers are in a vulnerable movement (break at ischial tuberosity)

aponeuroses

flat sheets of muscles tendons that anchor the muscle to the skeleton and to deep fascia

muscle naming

most are named after attachments or movements (abductor digiti minimi)

named for their length (brevis -short, longus-long) (external, internal)

central nervous system vs parasympathetic

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, ganglia

plexus

collection of peripheral nerves with functionally related activity

cervical - neck, throat, phrenic n

brachial - pectoral girdle and upper limb

lumbar - anterior hips and thigh

sacral - glutes, posterior thigh, leg

spinal cord

shorter than spine, does not extend the full length of vertebral column

spinal nerves

contain both sensory and motor axons so sensory and motor deficits result from nerve injury

Hilton's laws

nerve supplying the muscles extending across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint capsule and skin overlying the muscle and distal to muscle

ex. musculotaneous nerve - biceps and brachiallis (flexion at the elbow)

- innervates forearm skin close to insertion and detects pain and proprioceptive input from elbow

muscle movements

- all muscles are innervated by multiple axons

- some muscles are innervated by multiple nerves

- some muscles are achieved by combined action of multiple muscles

paralysis

loss of function in a muscle or loss of movement

weakness or paresis

parietal loss of function in a muscle or partial loss of movement

numbness

loss of sensation (in a region of skin)

paresthesia

partial loss of sensation