AP HUG ALL KBATS (for 1st semester rubio)

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Cultural landscape

Human imprint on natural environment

i.e.: buildings, language, agricultural land use

Cartography

Science of mapmaking

Cartographic scale

Ratio of distance on Earth compared to the same distance on a map

Geographic scale

Relationship between portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

Scale of analysis

Spatial extent of what is being studied

Environmental determinism

Physical environment determines human development and culture

Spatial analysis

Examining the characteristics, location, and relationship between places and features on the earth's surface

Possibilism

Physical environment does not determine human development and culture

Place

A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic

Remote sensing

Data about Earth's surface from a satellite or other long distance methods

GIS (Geographic Information System)

Computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

GPS (Global Positioning System)

System that determines precise position of something on Earth

Mercator projection

Very little shape distortion, direction consistent, map is rectangular. Size is distorted around poles.

Census data

Data about population

Robinson projection

Useful for displaying info across the oceans. Land areas are smaller than on other maps of same size

Human environment interatction

Interaction between the human social system and the ecosystem

Land Ordinance of 1785

Laid out the process by which lands west of the Appalachian Mountains were to be surveyed and sold

Toponym

A name of a place

Longitude

Indicates location of meridians drawn on the globe. Measures distance east and west of prime meridian (0 degrees)

Latitude

Indicates location of parallels drawn on a globe. Measures north and south distance of equator (0 degrees)

Region

Area distinguished by unique features

Formal region/Uniform region

Defined area where everyone shares common characteristics (language etc)

Vernacular region/Perceptual

Area people believe exists as part of their cultural indenitity

Functional region/Nodal region

Organized around a node

Site

Physical characteristics of a place

Situation

Location of a place relative to another place

Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

In the early stages of development

More Developed Countries (MDCs)

Socially and economically advanced

Hearth

Region where innovative ideas originate

Prime meridian

0 degrees longitude. Passes through Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England

Distribution

Arrangement of something across Earth's surface

Relative location

Description of where a place is relatives to other places

Absolute location

Identified by specific coordinates/address (usually longitude/latitude)

Arithmetic density

Total number of people per total land area

Physiological density

Number of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural density

Farmers per area of arable land

Space time compression

Reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

Distance decay

Disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from origin

Diffusion

Process of something spreading from one place to another

Relocation diffusion

Spread of something through migration of people

Contagious diffusion (expansion )

Rapid and wide spread of diffusion

Hierarchical diffusion (expansion)

Spread of something from one key person of authority or power

Friction of distance

Distance effects interaction

Stimulus diffusion (expansion)

Spread of something by recreating/bettering

Globalization

Connects the world economy more closely. Places start to become the same globally

Overpopulation and resources (U2A P)

Population outgrowing land capacity/resources

Ecumene (U2A P)

Land that is permanently populated

Arithmetic density (U2A P)

Total number of people per total area of land

Physiological density (U2A P)

Number of people per area of arable land

Agricultural density (U2A P)

Number of farmers per area of arable land

Crude birth rate - CBR (U2A P)

Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people

Crude death rate - CDR (U2A P)

Total number of deaths in a year per 1000 people

Natural increase rate - NIR/RNI (U2A P)

Percentage that a population grows in a year

(CBR - CDR)/10

Doubling time (U2A P)

Number of years needed to double a population

70/NIR

Total fertility rate - TFR (U2A P)

Average number of children a woman will have

Infant mortality rate - IMR (U2A P)

Total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year for every 1000 births

Life expectancy (U2A P)

Average number of years an individual can be expected to live

Carrying capacity (U2A P)

Maximum population size a location can hold

Agricultural revolution (U2A P)

Periods when farming techniques drastically improved

Industrial revolution (U2A P)

Major improvements in manufacturing goods. Caused Europe and North America to enter a stage 2 after 1750

Medical revolution (U2A P)

Medical tech invented in Europe and North America diffused to developing countries. In 20th century, it pushed developing countries in stage 2

Zero population growth - ZPG (U2A P)

Decline of total fertility rate to NIR = 0

Population pyramid (U2A P)

Bar graph represents the distribution of population by age and sex

Dependency ratio (U2A P)

Number of people under 15/over 64 compared to working age people

Elderly support ratio (U2A P)

Number of working age people divided by number of old people (65+)

Pro/anti natalism (U2A P)

Pro-natalist: want to increase CBR

Sex ratio (U2A P)

Number of males per 100 females

Thomas Malthus/Neo-Malthusians (U2A P)

Predicted that population would outgrow resources

Epidemiological transition model (U2A P)

Change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the DTM

Pandemic (U2A P)

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area that affects a very high proportion of the population

Migration - relocation diffusion (U2B M)

Form of relocation diffusion. Permanent movement to a new location

Emigration (U2B M)

Migration from a location

Immigration (U2B M)

Migration to a location

Net migration (U2B M)

Difference between immigration and emigration in a location

Circulation (U2B M)

Short term, repetitive movements on a regular basis

Ravenstein's laws (U2B M)

Migration laws.

Most people migrate for economic reasons, most long distance migrants were young adult males

Push factor (U2B M)

Factor that induces people to leave

i.e. a crazy orange president: political push factor

Pull factor (U2B M)

Factor that induces people to move to a new location

Refugee (U2B M)

Someone forced to migrate and can't return out of fear of persecution

Intervening obstacle (U2B M)

An environmental /cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

International migration - voluntary and forced (U2B M)

Permanent move from one country to another.

Voluntary: migrant chooses to move (usually economic reasons)

Forced: migrant compelled to move by cultural/environmental push factors

Internal migration - interregional and intraregional (U2B M)

Permanent move within the same country.

Interregional: One region of the country to another

Intraregional: within a region

Migration transition model (U2B M)

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results in economic changes (industrialization, pop. growth)

Chain migration (U2B M)

Migration of people to a specific location because of other related people there

Quotas (U2B M)

Law that places a limit on the number of people who can immigrate into a country

Brain drain (U2B M)

Large emigration of smart people

Guest workers (U2B M)

Programs to hire foreign workers

Nativism (U2B M)

Policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against interests of immigrants

Counter urbanization (U2B M)

Net migration from urban to rural areas

Remittances (U2B M)

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country they emigrated from

Habit (U3A C)

Something somebody does repeatedly