History Unit 2 memorization

montesquieu government

advocate for government

achieve its purpose of minimal trouble and adapt to conditions of country and people

stable and non despotic government allowing law abiding citizens to live freely

separation of power - executive legislative judicial

One branch check and balance --> ensures no single entity dominates power, prevents tyranny

voltaire government

wanted a constitutional monarchy led by enlightened despot

only educated monarch could govern effectively

distrusted democracy --> harmful bcs of ignorance of mass

Burke government

supported representative government

elected officials should use their judgement not act as delegates of popular opinion

Representatives should prioritize public good over their personal interests

Advocated gradual reform rather than radical change

Thomas Hobbes government

government necessary to escape natural state of war among ppl. Individuals are inherently selfish and very prone to conflict. "war of all against all" without governing authority to enforce laws

life would be "solitary, poor, rubish, nasty"

social contract to giveaway freedom and rights to sovereign authority in exchange for peace and security

prevents society from descending into anarchy

limit human selfishness and violence --> preserve life

John locke government

government serve to protect natural rights

people are born with inherent rights "life liberty property" which must be safeguarded by government

government's legitimacy and power comes from consent of the governed, supposed to be impartial arbiters

If they fail to protect rights or infringe on them, ppl have the right to overthrow and re establish

Rousseau government

legit political authority comes from general will of people

True freedom found in obedience to laws

Direct democracy is true democracy, believed that direct participation --> civic freedom achieved through small political units (challenges posed by larger state)

Wollstonecraft government

Rational governance respecting individual rights and duties --> women's education essential for their civil and political rights --> representation in the government

criticized educational practice limiting women's potential

true equality requires both rights and responsabilities

Frederick II government

enlightened absolutism

monarch: prioritize state power while promoting education and welfare

Personal Rule: direct involvement from ruler > reliance on minister

Catherine II government

good governance good welfare / ensure security and legal order

maintained autocratic control over her government without relinquishing her authority

Joseph II government

Radical reform, enlightened absolutism

abolish serfdom (peasant status) and promote religious tolerance

governing through reason and law

Montesquieu right

all humans are born equal --> natural rights inherent

slavery --> inherently wrong (violates natural equality)

constitutional arrangements and checks and balances

government: maintain liberty by preventing despotism

Burke right

defend natural rights, rights not just based on human will or abstract principle

men have right to justice, property, family, welfare, education and consolation in death

rights are reasonable, tied to social order

supported government's role in protecting these rights within the framework of traditionand social institution

voltaire right

all men are born equal and have fundamental rights, opposed to subjugation and violation of natural rights

legit government guarantee rule of law and protect rights

people have right to rebel against tyrants who violate their right

right must be defended actively, liberty is the greatest good

thomas hobbes right

In natural state, humans have unlimited natural rights (liberties) to preserve their own life and power. However, these infinite natural rights lead to conflict without proper government. People must surrender some natural rights to sovereign authority to ensure peace and security.

Government protect life by imposing order even if it restrict some freedom

rights exist prior to law but must be limited by government to avoid chaos

john locke right

people are born with natural rights.

government created by social contract to protect these rights. If government fails to protect, citizens have right to resist/overthrow the government and re establish

rights are independent of government and government must safeguard it. Consent of the governed limit gov power

Rousseau right

believed in natural freedom but true freedom comes from obeying laws one has a part in making

rights are collective --> tied to general will representing common good

people are born free but enter social contracts that transform natural rights into civil rights under the law

government protect general will

Wollstonecraft right

natural rights are universal, including women (historically denied)

rights come with duties. Rights must be respected for duties to fulfill. Advocated for women education and political rights (in natural right)

government should protect rights equally for all rational beings

montesquieu law

laws must be adapted to people for whom they are made: customs and social conditions

advocate for laws preserving liberty --> prevent tyranny and balance power within government

separation of powers as legal framework ensure laws are just. laws should be humane and liberal --> equality under law. Laws must reflect nature and principle of each government and character of its people

voltaire law

laws must guarantee individual liberty, freedom of conscience, equality before law

laws must protect citizens from oppression, must ensure freedom of speech, fair trials, consent to taxation and legislation

laws should be rational, promote welfare of people and must be guided by enlightened principle

Burke law

laws grounded in tradition, reason, social order > abstract rights

laws protect property, family, education and social stability

gradual legal reform respecting historical institutions and customs

thomas hobbes law

strong, absolute laws imposed by sovereign --> prevent natural state of war and chaos

laws should limit individuals' freedom --> collective security

Obedience to law is essential for civil socity

laws need to be clear, absolute and enforceable

John locke law

protect natural rights, laws made with consent of the governed, apply equally to all

separation of power --> prevent lawmaking abuse authority

laws should serve public good

allow people to enjoy natural rights safely

impartial judge is good, common authority is needed to enforce laws fairly

Rousseau law

laws express general, applies equally to everyone

laws promote freedom through collective self-governance

laws should ensure equality, prevent domination by special interest. laws only legit if they reflect common good (made by ppl themselves)

Wollstonecraft law

laws guarantee equal rights and duties for ALL laws that provide education and political rights --> rational citizenship

laws must protect natural rights and promote justice and equality. Criticized laws that deny rights based on gender