Bio 1 Chapter 12 Review, Bio 1 Chapter 10 Review, Bio 1 Chapter 11 Review, Bio 1 Chapter 9 Review, Bio 1 Chapter 8 Review, Bio 1 Chapter 7 Review

n eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are composed of ________.

DNA and proteins

Mitosis separates chromosomes. Cytoplasm is divided between two daughter cells by ________.

cytokinesis

Some cells - such as skeletal muscle cells - have several nuclei per cell. How could such multinucleated cells be explained?

The cell underwent repeated mitosis, but cytokinesis did not occur.

Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of microtubules, its effectiveness must be related to ________.

disruption of mitotic spindle formation

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?

replication of the DNA

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of ________.

splitting water molecules

Chlorophylls absorb most light in which colors of the visible range?

blue and red

in autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is because chlorophyll is degraded and ________.

carotenoids and other pigments are still present in the leaves

The pH of the inner thylakoid space has been measured, as have the pH of the stroma and of the cytosol of a particular plant cell. Which, if any, relationship would you expect to find?

The pH within the thylakoid is less than that of the stroma.

Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

The phylogenetic distribution of the enzyme rubisco is limited to ________.

bacterial and eukaryotic photoautotrophs

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

gap junctions

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through ________.

gap junctions

Where would you expect to find tight junctions?

in the epithelium of an animal's stomach

The receptors for steroid hormones are located inside the cell instead of on the membrane surface like most other signal receptors. This is NOT a problem for steroids because ________.

steroid hormones are lipid soluble, so they can readily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Protein kinase is an enzyme that ________.

activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them

Which of the listed statements describes the results of the following reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is TRUE?

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.

How many oxygen molecules (O2) are required each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration?

6

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?

glycolysis

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to ________.

inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is ________.

oxygen

A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as ________.

endergonic

Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's ________.

activation energy

The active site of an enzyme is the region that ________.

is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme

Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as ________.

a cofactor necessary for enzyme activity

In the accompanying figure, why does the reaction rate plateau at higher reactant concentrations?

Most enzyme molecules are occupied by substrate at high reactant concentrations.

Which curves on the accompanying graphs may represent the temperature and pH profiles of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in a mildly alkaline hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?

curves 3 and 5

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT ________.

an endoplasmic reticulumIn

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

the lysosome

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

Golgi apparatus

In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes ________.

are smaller

Based on these sequence results, to which branch of the tree of life should you assign this new species?

eukaryote

About twenty-five of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

A solution with a pH of 5 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 7?

100 times

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial \n positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

a hydrogen bond

Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that ________.

organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have \n existed on early Earth

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids? \n

the components of the R-group

The chemical reaction illustrated above ________.

results in a peptide bond between two amino acids

The tertiary structure of a protein is the ________.

unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide

In a normal cellular protein, where would you expect to find a hydrophobic amino acid like valine?

in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion \n interacting with lipid fatty-acid chains

Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?

Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally.

Which level of protein structure do the α-helix and the β-pleated sheet represent?

secondary

Some viruses consist only of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid core. If you wanted to radioactively label the nucleic acids separately from the protein, you would use radioactive \\n ________.

phosphorus

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers?

nucleotides

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar

If a double-stranded DNA sample were composed of 10 percent thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

40

DNA double helices are soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. How do these physical properties reflect the chemical structure of the DNA molecule?

The charged phosphate groups and sugars of DNA are hydrophilic.

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence ________.

5'TGCAAT3'

If 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be \n labeled?

RNA

Why do researchers think the first self-replicating molecule was RNA?

RNA can carry information and catalyze chemical reactions.

The molecule shown in the accompanying figure is ________.

a hexose

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a ________.

monosaccharide

Which of these best reflects the following relationship: monosaccharide versus polysaccharide?

glucose versus glycogen

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers \n only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

starch

Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a \n glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?

as a disaccharide

Starch and cellulose ________.

are polymers of glucose

A primary function of carbohydrates attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of \n animal cell membranes is to ________.

mediate cell—cell recognition

Chitin is a major component of the ________.

exoskeleton of insects

Lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure?

polar heads and nonpolar tails; the polar heads interact with water

In an experiment involving planar bilayers, a solution of table salt (sodium and \\n chloride ions in water) is added on the left side of the membrane while pure water is \\n added on the right side. After 30 minutes, the researchers test for the presence of ions \\n on each side of the membrane. The right side tests negative for ions. What can you conclude?

Ions cannot cross planar bilayers.

Which of the following increases the strength of the hydrophobic interactions in lipid bilayers and thus makes them less permeable to polar molecules?

increasing length of the hydrocarbon chains

Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest?

a sodium ion

Which line in the graph represents the bag that contained a solution isotonic to the 0.6 M solution at the beginning of the experiment?

C

Which line in the graph represents the bag with the highest initial concentration of sucrose?

A

The R-group, or side chain, of the amino acid serine is -CH2-OH. The R-group, or side \n chain, of the amino acid leucine is -CH2-CH-(CH3)2. Where would you expect to find these \n amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution?

Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

synapsis of chromosomes

Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes?

meiosis I

In the snail Pomacea patula catemacensis, n = 13. What is the diploid number for \\n this organism?

26

Which of the following would enable you to detect aneuploidy?

karyotyping

A couple has a child with Down syndrome. The mother is 39 years old at the time of \n delivery. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the child's condition?

The mother most likely underwent nondisjunction during gamete production.

Sexual reproduction ________.

can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a \n changing environment

Mendel studies seven different traits in the garden pea. What genetic term is used to describe an observable trait, such as those studied by Mendel?

phenotype

Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This ratio suggests that ________.

each offspring has the same alleles for each of two different traits

When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?

50 percent

Which of the following describes the ability of a single allele to have multiple phenotypic effects?

pleiotropy

Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both \n of normal pigmentation and have one child out of three who is albino (without melanin \n pigmentation). What are the genotypes of the albino's parents?

Both parents must be heterozygous.

Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white. Assume that Mendel conducted a \n series of experiments where plants with gray seeds were crossed among themselves, \n and the following progeny were produced: 302 gray and 98 white.

(a) Gg × Gg; (b) genotypic = 1:2:1, phenotypic = 3:1

Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants and then allowed the \n offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The results were as follows: \n 6022 yellow and 2001 green (8023 total). The allele for green seeds has what \n relationship to the allele for yellow seeds?

recessive

Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people \n with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents?

XNXn and XNY

In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) \n offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would \n produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white?

roan × roan

In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be \n consistent with the base-pairing rules?

A + G = C + T

In the polymerization of DNA, a phosphodiester bond is formed between a phosphate group of the nucleotide being added and ________ of the last nucleotide in the polymer.

the 3' OH

Who performed classic experiments that supported the semiconservative model of \n DNA replication?

Meselson and Stahl

Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?

single-strand DNA binding proteins

What is the likelihood that the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4 will have the trait?

50 percent

Refer to the figure associated with this question. What bases will be added to the primer as DNA replication proceeds? The bases should appear in the new strand in the order that they will be added starting at the 3' end of the primer.

A, G, A, C, G, A, C

The leading and the lagging strands differ in that ________.

the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction

What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?

It joins Okazaki fragments together.

What is a telomere?

the ends of linear chromosomes

In humans, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a disorder of the nucleotide excision repair mechanism. These individuals are unable to repair DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light. Which of the following are the most prominent types of DNA lesions in individuals suffering from xeroderma pigmentosum?

thymine dimers

The proteome is all the proteins produced by an organism. The genome is the totality of all genes of an organism. If the proteome is much larger than the genome, which of the following statements would be accurate?

At least in some cases, a single gene must code for more than one protein.

All three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) follow the same genetic code. Therefore, which of the following statements would most likely be correct?

The genetic code evolved before the different domains diverged.

HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, is a retrovirus. A retrovirus ________.

uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA

What does it mean when we say the genetic code is redundant?

More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid.

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The \n corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is ________.

3' UCA 5'

The mutation resulting in sickle cell disease changes one base pair of DNA so that a \n codon now codes for a different amino acid, making it an example of a ________.

missense mutation

What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon \n sequence? \n 5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3'

met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu

A nonsense mutation in a gene ________.

introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA

A frameshift mutation could result from ________.

either an insertion or a deletion of a base