Bill quiz #2

Circumduction

Abduction

Adduction

Rotation

Medial rotation

Lateral rotation

Pronation (radius rotates over ulna)

Supination (radius and ulna are parallel)

Plantar flexion

Dorsiflexion

Inversion

Eversion

Flexion (concentric)

Extension (eccentric)

Agonist

The action of a single muscle/group of muscles

Antagonist

Muscle that opposes or inhibits another muscle

Syngergist

Muscles of the group that supports the movement

Prime mover

Within a group of synergists, the muscle that contributes most to the movement

Fixators

Stabilizers of prime movers

Heads

If a muscle has two or more origins, each attachment is called a head

Origin

The attachment on one side of a muscle that does NOT move

Insertion

The muscle attachment, usually to a bone, that moves the bone when the muscle contracts

obicularis oculi

levator labii superioris

Zygomaticus major

Mentalis

Digastric anterior belly

Omohyoid

Mylohyoid

Sternohyoid

Obicularis oris

Platysma

Zygomaticus major/minor

obicularis oculi

tensor fasciae latae

Pectineus

adductor longus

psoas major

gluteus maximus

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Masseter

As the diameter of an axon gets larger, the resistance to the speed of the impulse becomes greater

False

Once an action potential begins to travel down an axon, it will jump from node to node initiating new action potentials

True

Vesicles containing acetylcholine travel across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic terminal

False

The hamstrings are a synergist to the quadriceps

False

Neurons are polarized

True

What do dendrites receive?

electrical impulses

Neurons are _____ and ______ excitable

electrically, chemically

Inside the cell there are more of what ion?

Potassium (K+)

Outside the cell there are more of what ion?

Sodium (Na+)

Negative membrane potential

When the inside of a cell is more negatuve chargered compares to the outside

Membrane potential

the difference in electric potential between the interior and exterior of a biological cell

Voltage gated

responds to an electrical stimulus

Ligand-gated

responds to a chemical stimulus

Depolarization

the result of increased membrane permeability to Na+ and diffusion of Na+ into the cell due to the opening of sodium voltage gated ion channels

Repolarization

a result of the inactivation gates of the voltage gated Na+ channels that now close, and the voltage gated K+ channels open

Absolute refractory period

no action potential is produced by any stimulus, no matter how strong

Relative refractory period

a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can produce an action potential

What arrives at the presynaptic terminal?

Action potentials

What channels open at the presynaptic terminal?

Ca2+ channels

Via exocytosis, what neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft?

Acetycholine (ACh)

What type of channels are Na+ channels?

ligand-gated

Epicranius

Orbicularis oculi

corrugator supercilia

Levator labii superioris

zygomaticus minor

risorius

depressor labii inferioris

depressor anguli oris

orbicularis oris

mentalis

nasalis

masseter

buccinator

temporalis

medial pterygoid

lateral pterygoid

orbicularis oculi action

closes eye

zygomaticus major/minor action

raises lateral corners of mouth upwards (smiling muscle)

depressor labii inferioris action

draws lower lip inferiorly (pout)

orbicularis oris action

closes lips (kissing and whistling)

masseter action

prime mover of jaw closure

buccinator action

Compresses cheek; sucking, whistling

temporalis action

closes jaw, elevates and retracts mandible

medial pterygoid action

elevates mandible; aids in grinding movements

lateral pterygoid action

aids in grinding movements of teeth, moves jaw anteriorly

mylohyoid

hyoid bone

stylohyoid

digastric (both bellies)

sternohyoid

sternothyroid

thyrohyoid

Sternocleidomastoid

sternocleidomastoid origin

manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle

sternocleidomastoid insertion

mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line

sternocleidomastoid action

rotates head to side opposite of contraction laterally

scalene origin

posterior tubercle of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae