[BIOPHARMACEUTICS] MANOR

PROVERBS 16;3

D) A & C

The termination of action of a drug is determined by:
A.Excretion of intact active molecule
B.Excretion of inactivate molecule
C. Tissue redistribution
D. A & C

A) Identical amounts of active drugs

Pharmaceutical equivalents are drug products that contain:
A. Identical amounts of active drugs
B. Identical amounts of inactive ingredients
C. Identical amounts of excipients
D. AOTA

D) A & C

The purpose of biotransformation reaction is:
A. Deactivate the drug
B. Preserve the drug from destruction
C. Promote the elimination of the inactive drug
D. A & C

D) A & C

The advantage of sublingual/buccal administration is:
A. No occurrence on gastrointestinal degradation
B. Drug directly in the circulation
C. Does not pass to the Liver
D. A & C

B) Type of preparation

In LADMER system, L stands for Liberation as the first step which determines the ff. aspects, EXCEPT:
A. Onset of action
B. Type of preparation
C. Rate of absorption
D. Bioavailability

D) Climate

Factor that contribute to patient's difference in drug concentration in the body except:
A. Body weight
B. Obesity
C. Age
D. Climate

A) Increase absorption

The effect of reduced particle size of a drug is:
A. Increase absorption
B. Increased disintegration
C. Increase hardness
D. All of them

D) All

A cause of patient variability of time course of the drug in the plasma is:
A. Disease
B. Concominant drug therapy
C. Genetic origin
D. All

A) Dissolved drug remains free in the GIT

Dissolution rate tests can be used to predict bioavailability if:
A. Dissolved drug remains free in the GIT
B. Dissolved drug decomposed in the GIT
C. Drug is hydrolyzed in the GIT
D. All of them

A) Half of the parent drug

Elimination half-life of a drug is the time in hours needed to reduce drug concentration to:
A. Half of the parent drug
B. One fourth of the initial dose
C. All or taken dose
D. A & B

C) Time of peak concentration

Tmax means:
A. Time of great solubility of a drug
B. Peak height concentration
C. Time of peak concentration
D. AUC values

D) All of the above

The difference in bioavailability of a drug product of the same therapeutic agent is due to:
A. Difference in formulative ingredients
B. Difference in packaging
C. Difference in method of manufacture
D. All of the above

C) Clinical effectiveness

The ultimate evaluation of dosage forms or delivery system is on:
A. Disintegration time
B. Thickness
C. Clinical effectiveness
D. Taste

A) Disintegration of the tablet

A rate limiting factor in the dissolution of drug is:
A. Disintegration of the tablet
B. Thickness
C. Content uniformity
D. Local effect

D) A & C

To generally increase the solubility of a poorly soluble drug in ah aqueous medium, the process is:
A. Complexation
B. Adsorption
C. Prepare into a derivative
D. A & C

C) pH of the medium

The ionization constant of a drug is important in bioavailability since it determines the ff. except:
A. Its aqueous Solubility
B. Dissolution rate
C. pH of the medium
D. Its rate of transport across lipoidal layer

B) Amorphous

Which of the crystal forms give the best dissolution rate:
A. Meta-stable polymorph
B. Amorphous
C. Stable polymorph
D. A & C

A) Hydrophilic

For faster absorption, what time of diluents or filter is needed if the drug is hydrophobic?
A. Hydrophilic
B. Water repellant
C. Ampiphilic
D. B & C

D) All of the above

The route of administration which will by pass the GIT degradation and hepatic metabolism is:
A. Intravenous injection
B. Sublingual
C. Buccal
D. All of the above

B) Pharmacokinetics

A branch of science which deals with the changes of drug concentration and its metabolites in the human or animal body after administration is:
A. Bioavailability
B. Pharmacokinetics
C. Biopharmaceutics
D. A& B

A) Liberation

The first step which determines the onset of action, rate of absorption, availability is:
A. Liberation
B. Distribution
C. Excretion
D. Absorption

B) AUC

The integral of drug level overtime from zero to affinity is: A. Biologic half-life
B. AUC
C. Bioavailability
D. Biopharmaceutics

C) Receptor

A site in the biophase to which drug molecules can be bound is:
A. Fluid compartment
B. Unit membrane
C. Receptor
D. None of the above

C) Biopharmaceutics

A branch of science which deals with physical and chemical properties of the drug substance, the dosage form, and the biological effectiveness of a drug or drug product upon administration is:
A. Pharmacology
B. Pharmacokinetics
C. Biopharmaceutics
D. Pharmacy

C) Polymorphism

The ability of a substance to exist in different crystalline forms is:
A. Amphoterism
B. Salting-in
C. Polymorphism
D. Precipitation

C) Oral

Differences in bioavailability are most frequently observed with drugs administered by which of the ff. route?
A. Subcutaneous
B. Intravenous
C. Oral
D. Sublingual

A) Increasing viscosity

Which of the ff. factors delays transit time?
A. Increasing viscosity
B. Liquid diet
C. Water
D. B & C

D) B & C

A drug can exert its pharmacologic effect only when it is:
A. Protein bound
B. Protein unbound
C. Free drug
D. B & C

D) Liver

The principal site of drug metabolism is:
A. Kidney
B. Muscle tissue
C. Gut wall
D. Liver

C) Pinocytosis

The mechanism for drug excretion via the kidney, EXCEPT:
A. Active transport
B. Glomerular filtration
C. Pinocytosis
D. Passive diffusion

A) Albumin

The major plasma protein involved in the distribution of weak acid is:
A. Albumin
B. Glycoprotein
C. Glycine
D. Gelatin

C) Bioavailability

The rate at which the drug appears in the bloodstreams known as:
A. Biopharmaceutics
B. AUC
C. Bioavailability
D. Biologic half-life

B) Maintenance

The dose required to maintain effectiveness or therapeutic concentration according to the dosage regimen is:
A. Priming dose
B. Maintenance
C. Loading dose
D. Any of the above

D) Prodrug

Any inactive or much less active substance which is transformed to active drug in the body is:
A. Dosage form
B. Drug product
C. Aspirin
D. Prodrug

D) All of the above

Studies of bioavailability are generally not required when:
A. Drug is intended solely for IV use
B. The drug is for local therapeutic use
C. The drug is an oral product not required to be absorbed D. All of the above

D) Hunger

Gastric emptying is showed by the ff. except:
A. Vigorous exercise
B. Fatty foods
C. Hot meals
D. Hunger

D) Lipid/water partition coefficient

The ratio of the concentration of a drug in two immiscible phases is known as the
A. Concentration ratio
B. Miscibility ratio
C. Partial miscibility
D. Lipid/water partition coefficient

C) More polar compounds

The metabolism of drugs generally results in:
A. Less acidic compounds
B. More acidic compounds
C. More polar compounds
D. Compounds having a higher oil/water partition coefficient

B) Characteristics of the drug

Liberation is a process controlled by:
A. Age of the patient
B. Characteristics of the drug
C. Both A & B

C) Both A & B

Reabsorption of drugs and its metabolites occurs in the:
A. Kidney
B. Intestines
C. Both A & B
D. None of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the ff. factors affect the dissolution in the lipid membrane of the lipid unionized fluid compartment:
A. pH
B. pKa
C. Lipid/water partition coefficient
D. All of the above

C) Absence of functional group

The prerequisites of the binding of a drug to a receptor are as follows,EXCEPT
A. Chemical reactivity
B. Electronic distribution
C. Absence of functional group
D. None of the above

D) Pinocytosis

The ff. mechanism of absorption required the presence of drug in aqueous solution, EXCEPT:
A. Passive diffusion
B. Convective transport
C. Facilitated transport
D. Pinocytosis

C) Convective transport

A type of transport whereby drug molecules dissolved in aqueous medium at the absorption site move along with the liquid through the pore.
A. Active transport
B. Ion pair transport
C. Convective transport
D. Facilitated transport

C) Weak organic acids

The ff. compounds are absorbed via convective transport, EXCEPT:
A. Ions of opposite charge of pore lining
B. Ionized sulfonamides
C. Weak organic acids
D. NOTA

C) Equal to pH

When a substance is half ionized at a certain pH, its pKa is A. Greater than pH
B. Less than the pH
C. Equal to pH
D. Negligible as compared to the pH

D) Dissolution rate

The Noyes-Whitney Equation determines
A. Particle size measurement
B. Actual drug solubility
C. Dissolution constant
D. Dissolution rate

C) The net transfer of drug is from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration

When considering transport, a "passive transport process" implies that:
A. All of the drug will pass from one compartment to another
B. The drug is highly soluble
C. The net transfer of drug is from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration
D. The net transfer of drug is from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration

B) Directly proportional to the concentration gradient

The rate of diffusion of drugs across biological membranes is most commonly:
A. Independent on the concentration gradient
B. Directly proportional to the concentration gradient
C. Dependent on the availability of carrier substance
D. Dependent on the route of administration

C) Aqueous solution, suspension, powder, capsule, tablet, coated tablet

In general, various oral dosage forms can be ranked in which of the ff. expected order of availability (fastest to slowest)
A. Aqueous solution, capsule, tablet, powder, coated tablet, suspension
B. Capsule, tablet, coated tablet, powder, suspension, aqueous solution
C. Aqueous solution, suspension, powder, capsule, tablet, coated tablet
D. Suspension, aqueous solution, powder, capsule, coated tablet, tablet

C) A portion of the absorbed drug does not pass through the liver before entering the systemic solution

The rectal route of administration may be preferred over the oral route for some drug because:
A. The drug does not have to be absorbed
B. Absorption is predictable and complete
C. A portion of the absorbed drug does not pass through the liver before entering the systemic solution
D. The dissolution process is involved

A) Penetrate the CNS very slowly & may essentially be eliminated from the body before a significant concentration in CNS is reached

Drugs that are poorly lipid soluble or extensively ionized at the pH of the blood generally
A. Penetrate the CNS very slowly & may essentially be eliminated from the body before a significant concentration in CNS is reached
B. Achieve adequate CNS concentration only if given IV
C. Must be metabolized to more polar form before they can gain access to the CNS
D. Can gain access to the CNS if other drugs are used to modify the blood pH

D) The amorphous form requires a higher amount of energy to free molecule of the drug from it does the crystalline form

The ff. statements are true, EXCEPT
A. Amorphous form is more soluble that of the crystalline form
B. The amorphous form has a higher dissolution rate than that crystalline form
C. The crystalline form requires a higher amount of energy to free molecule of the drug from it than does the amorphous form
D. The amorphous form requires a higher amount of energy to free molecule of the drug from it does the crystalline form

B) Solvates

These are addition compounds of drug and organic solvents:
A. Hydrates
B. Solvates
C. Polymorphs
D. NOTA

C) Toxicity

The displacement of drug from protein binding site causes:
A. Decrease in the intensity of the pharmacological response
B.Decrease in the intensity of side effects
C. Toxicity
D. All of the above

B) Via the kidney

The major pathway of excretion
A. Via the liver
B. Via the kidney
C. Via the circulation system
D. Via the large intestines

C) Both A & B

Which of the ff. factors tend to alter the rate of absorption?
A. Age
B. Disease
C. Both A & B
D. NOTA

A) Surface tension lowering effect

Which of the ff. properties of surfactants tend to increase the rate of dissolution:
A. Surface tension lowering effect
B. Production of micelles with the parent drug
C. Absence of peptizing action
D. AOTA

D) AOTA

Which of the ff events modify drug absorption?
A. Physiological constituents of digestion
B. Drug interaction
C. Certain physiologic state
D. AOTA

A) Absorption

The process that determines absolute bioavailability are the first pass effect and:
A. Absorption
B. Liberation
C. Distribution
D. Metabolism

D) AOTA

A relative bioavailability study is necessary when there is:
A. A change in galenic of the drug
B. A change in the method of manufacture
C. A change in the means of preservation
D. AOTA

B) Distribution is faster

In organs and tissues that are well perfused:
A. Distribution is lower
B. Distribution is faster
C. Distribution rate is negligible
D. NOTA

D) Vertigo

The ff. pathological states influence the volume of distribution, EXCEPT
A. Renal disease
B. Hepatic disease
C. Cardiac insufficiency
D. Vertigo

A) Urinary pH

Renal clearance depends on:
A. Urinary pH
B. Glomerular filtration
C. Absorption
D. Distribution

A) Catabolism

The breakdown of ingested foreign compounds to simpler structures:
A. Catabolism
B. Anabolism
C. Homeostasis
D. NOTA

A) Type of food

The magnitude of bile production depends on
A. Type of food
B. Amount of bile emptied
C. Enzyme activity
D. AOTA

A) A through bile duct into the duodenum

Biliary excretion principle
A. A through bile duct into the duodenum
B. Major portion of the bile is excreted
C. As metabolite
D. Any of the above

B) Enzymes which acts as catalysts

Biotransformation of a drug takes place in the liver in the presence of:
A. Energy from the body
B. Enzymes which acts as catalysts
C. Substance is destroyed in the liver
D. A & C

C) Small intestine

Due to their anatomical structure, the organ which is the most important site of drug absorption is
A. Large intestine
B. Stomach
C. Small intestine
D. Mucous membrane

D) A & B

A factor determining the activity of a drug:
A. Formulation of a dosage form
B. Individual
C. Dose
D. A & B

A) Half life of the drug

Factor affecting difference between loading and maintenance doses
A. Half life of the drug
B. Effectiveness of the dose
C. Adverse effect
D. B & C

C) Body posture

Factor affecting gastric emptying time of a drug
A. Age of a person
B. Time of the day
C. Body posture
D. All of them

D) All of them

Application of clinical pharmaceutics as to management of individual patient is the:
A. Safety
B. Overdosage
C. Therapeutic
D. All of them

A) Bioequivalence of the drug product

If the extent and rate of absorption is similar to the standard drug, it has achieved the:
A. Bioequivalence of the drug product
B. Pharmaceutical equivalence
C. Pharmaceutical Alternative
D. A & B

A) Biological half life

The time in hours necessary to reduce the drug concentration in the blood, the plasma or serum, to half life its original concentration after equilibrium is reached:
A. Biological half life
B. AUC
C. Bioavailability
D. A & B

B) Renal clearance

The hypothetical plasma volume in ml of the unmetabolized drug which is cleared in one minute via the kidney:
A. Volume of distribution
B. Renal clearance
C. Total clearance
D. AUC

A) Compartment

An entity can be described by a definite volume and a concentration of drug contained in that volume:
A. Compartment
B. Serum level
C. Receptor
D. Bloodstream

B) Biophase

A cell or cell compartment where the final interaction between drug and receptor takes place
A. Receptor
B. Biophase
C. Unit membrane
D. Muscle

A) Absorbed into portal of circulation and pass through the liver before entering the general circulation

Drugs that are absorbed in the GIT are generally:
A. Absorbed into portal of circulation and pass through the liver before entering the general circulation
B. Filtered from the body by the kidney, then reabsorbed into the general circulation
C. Not affected by the liver enzymes
D. Stored in the liver

A) A mathematical relationship between the total amount of drug in the body and the concentration of drug in the blood

The volume distribution of a drug is
A. A mathematical relationship between the total amount of drug in the body and the concentration of drug in the blood
B. A measure of an individual's blood volume
C. An expression of total body volume
D. A measure of the individual fluid volume

D) Incompletely developed enzyme system

The biologic half life of many drugs is often prolonged in new born infants because of:
A. A higher decrease of protein binding
B. Microsomal enzyme induction
C. More complete absorption of drugs
D. Incompletely developed enzyme system

D) NOTA

Which of the ff. factors increase the rate of gastric emptying?
A. Fats
B. Increasing
C. Anticholinergic agents
D. NOTA

D) AOTA

The force of attraction which binds drugs to albumin:
A. Van der Waals
B. Hydrophobic bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. AOTA

A) First pass metabolism

The metabolism and/or the elimination of a drug by gastrointestinal and hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme which can occur after oral administration of a drug:
A. First pass metabolism
B. Biliary recycling
C. Hepatic clearance
D. BUN

B) Does not necessarily lead to the same therapeutic effect

The administration of the same dose of active ingredient in different galenic forms:
A. Always leads to the same therapeutic effect
B. Does not necessarily lead to the same therapeutic effect
C. Always lead to different therapeutic effect
D. NOTA

D) AOTA

Possible approaches to measure the bioavailability
A. Blood level data
B. Urinary excretion data
C. Clinical data
D. AOTA

A) Fat has relatively limited blood supply

Drugs that are usually released much more slowly from fat because
A. Fat has relatively limited blood supply
B. Drugs are most fat bound than plasma bound
C. Fat drugs to itself more
D. AOTA

D) AOTA

Cumulative urinary excretion is often used in pharmacokinetic and clinical studies in man and animals to learn about the disposition of the drugs and to determine the ff.:
A. Ka
B. Fraction of drug absorbed
C. % of drug absorbed
D. AOTA

A) Fluid mosaic

The theory which states that the cell membrane is made up of a bi-lipid layer and fluid protein molecules interspersed between the 2 layers of lipid
A. Fluid mosaic
B. Monsanto
C. Davidson
D. Nicholson
E. NOTA

B) Disposition

It is the loss of the drug from the central compartment due to transfer into other compartments and or elimination or metabolism
A.Dosage regimen
B.Disposition
C.Depot phase
D.Creatinine clearance
E.Circadian rhythm

B) Local effect

Obtained when the drug product is administered at the site where the pharmacological response is desired and when the drug is released from the product acts by the adsorption to the skin or mucosa or penetrates into the skin or mucosa, but does not enter the systemic circulation or lymphatic system
A. Systemic effect
B. Local effect
C. Mean transit time
D. Micro constant

C) Homeostasis

Maintenance of a steady state which characterize the internal environment of the healthy organism
A. Steady state
B. Depot phase
C. Homeostasis
D. Maintenance dose

C) Blood flow rate

The speed of blood perfusion in an organ, usually expressed in ml/100g organ weight/min
A. Accumulation
B. Bioavailability
C. Blood flow rate
D. Absorption

A) Structure specific drugs

Those drugs which the pharmacological actions depend directly on the chemical structure of the drug,
A. Structure specific drugs
B. Structure nonspecific
C. Drug agonist
D. NOTA

A) Drug A will be better distributed than drug B

If drug A is more lipophilic than drug B, then;
A. Drug A will be better distributed than drug B
B. Drug B will be better distributed than drug A
C. Drug agonists
D. NOTA

C) Surfactants

Drugs of low solubility may be brought into solution by the use of:
A. Solvent
B. Vehicle
C. Surfactants
D. AOTA

C) Non-competitive antagonism

A type of antagonism whereby the agonist and antagonist bind to different receptor and have opposite pharmacologic actions:
A. Partial antagonism
B. Non-equilibrium antagonism
C. Non-competitive antagonism
D. Competitive antagonism

A) Partial antagonist

A type of antagonism whereby the antagonist has high affinity but low intrinsic activity
A. Partial antagonist
B. Non-equilibrium antagonist
C. Non-competitive antagonist
D. Competitive antagonist

D) AOTA

The LADME system is employed in:
A. The development of new active compounds
B. The determination of effective dose size
C. The adjustment of dosage regimen
D. AOTA

B) Non-equilibrium antagonism

A type of antagonism whereby the antagonist forms irreversible receptor binding:
A. Partial antagonism
B. Non-equilibrium antagonism
C. Non-competitive antagonism
D. Competitive antagonism