OESTOLOGY OF THE UPPERLIMBS

What type of bone is the clavicle?

A modified long bone.

Where is the clavicle located?

Between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula.

What is the main function of the clavicle?

Acts as a strut to keep the shoulder away from the thorax and transmits forces from the upper limb to the trunk.

Which end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum

Medial (sternal) end.

Which specific part of the sternum articulates with the clavicle?

The manubrium.

Which end of the clavicle articulates with the scapula?

Lateral (acromial) end.

Name one muscle attached to the clavicle.

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM).

Pectoralis major.

Which ligament has the conoid and trapezoid parts?

Coracoclavicular ligament.

What joint is formed between the clavicle and sternum?

Sternoclavicular joint.

What joint is formed between the clavicle and scapula?

Acromioclavicular joint.

Clinical: What happens when the clavicle fractures?

The shoulder droops and arm movement becomes painful.

MCQ: Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicle? A. Body B. Manubrium C. Costal cartilage

Manubrium

MCQ: The clavicle primarily functions as a: A. Lever B. Strut C. Pulley

Strut

MCQ: Which muscle attaches to the clavicle? A. Triceps B. Biceps C. SCM Sternocleidomastoid

SCM Sternocleidomastoid

Where is the scapula located?

Posterior thoracic wall.

Name the socket of the scapula.

Glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa).

Which bone articulates with the glenoid cavity?

Humerus

What is the spine of the scapula?

A prominent ridge on the posterior surface.

Which process continues from the spine?

Acromion

Which process resembles a hook?

Corocoid process

Which muscle lies above and below the spine?

Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus

Which bone articulates with the scapula at the acromion?

Clavicle

The scapula forms which major joint with the humerus?

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.

Clinical: Injury to the glenoid cavity mainly affects which joint?

Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.

MCQ: The scapula is located on the: A. Anterior chest B. Posterior thorax C. Pelvis

Posterior Thorax

True/False: The scapula directly articulates with the sternum.

False

Which bone articulates with the head of the humerus?

Scapula (glenoid cavity).

Which bones articulate with the distal humerus?

Ulna & Radius

Name the rough area where the deltoid inserts.

Deltoid tuberosity

Which muscle inserts on the deltoid tuberosity?

Deltoid muscle

What is the main function of the humerus?

Acts as the main lever for movements of the upper limb.

What is the rounded proximal end of the humerus called?

Head of the humerus

Which joint is formed by the humerus and scapula?

Glenohumeral joint

Clinical: Which nerve is commonly injured in fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus?

Axillary nerve.

What is the pointed bony projection of the elbow called?

Olecranon

Which muscle inserts on the olecranon?

Triceps brachii

What action does the triceps brachii perform?

Extension of the forearm at the elbow.

Which notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?

Trochlear notch

What is the function of the trochlear notch?

Forms the hinge part of the elbow joint.

Which process lies below the trochlear notch anteriorly?

Coronoid process

What is the distal projection of the ulna called?

Styloid process of the ulna.

Clinical: A fracture of the olecranon mainly affects the action of which muscle?

Tricep brachii

MCQ: The main role of the ulna is: A. Rotation B. Stability C. Finger movement

Stability

What is the main function of the radius?

Rotation of the forearm and articulation with the wrist.

Which bone does the head of the radius articulate with?

Capitulum of the humerus.

Which rough area receives the insertion of the biceps brachii?

Radial tuberosity.

Which muscle inserts on the radial tuberosity?

Bicep brachii

What movement is assisted by the biceps because of its attachment to the radius?

Supination of the forearm.

Which forearm bone mainly forms the wrist joint?

Radius

Clinical: Which forearm bone is most commonly fractured near the wrist after a fall?

Radius

How are the carpal bones arranged?

Two rows of four bones each.

Proximal and Distal row.

Give the mnemonic for the carpal bones.

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle.

Name the proximal row of carpal bones.

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform.

Name the distal row of carpal bones

Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate.

Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured?

Scaphoid

What is the largest carpal bone?

Capitate

Which forearm bone mainly articulates with the carpals?

Radius

Which carpal bone is pea-shaped?

Pisiform

Which carpal bone lies beneath the thumb?

Trapezium

Clinical: Why is a scaphoid fracture important?

It has a poor blood supply and may heal poorly if missed.